Influence of Fictional Character on Casual Fashion

Influence of fictional character on casual fashion:Abstract: This research paper focuses on the influence of fictional character on day to day fashion. The branding of the companies like Netflix, Disney, Marvel, DC has a lot to do in this. This is the reason that this kind of fashion is not bound to any age group or gender. This fictional character prints or motif can change the value of a simple t-shirt, just because someone likes the character. Keywords: Fandom, Graphic, Fiction, Casual Fashion, Street-wearIntroduction: Human being a very social animal tend to look for pathways to convey its unique ideas to a greater majority. Apart from serious topics such as Politics, Religion and Race, fan-fiction or a talk over people's favourite is considered as a very unique way to establish your physical or virtual identity not among teenagers as well as young-adults. Especially for young-adults who navigate from one place to another during their formative years tend to meet a lot of people. Be it the person you sit next to during class or your roommate, you need to establish a social network because most of us don't want to be considered as eccentric or introverts. Hence a popular television fandom is the only way. The term â€Å"fandom† describes a community of people who bond over a common interest. People following such fandom tend to express themselves in very unique ways. As a result they form a huge market for brands such as free authority who excel at merchandising such television shows and movies. Moreover, there are numerous websites who deal with customised t-shirts which absolutely rely on fan-fiction propaganda. Research Objective:To study the impact of popular television series and movie on Casual Fashion for kids and young-adults. To study the role of branding and merchandising in creating such fandom driven products.Research Method:Research Type: Exploratory research as it tries to explore the market of fandom driven productsData Collection Technique: Data collected will only be secondaryReview of Literature:A fictional character is a person or other being in a narrative of a series,videogames,movie etc. It can be 2 dimensional or 3 dimensional. The term cartoon originated in the Middle Ages and first described a prepare story drawing for a piece of art, such as painting, fresco, tapestry or stained glass window . In 19th century, it came to refer to humorous illustrations in magazines and newspapers. And in early 20th century and on words it refer to comic strips and animated films.The populery which this fictional character got,it influenced fashion in many ways.From a kid to a young adult every one wanted this merchandise. Gupta, S. and Panna, B. (2015). Effect of Cartoon Shows on Kids Fashion. International Journal of scientific research and management (IJSRM), [online] 3(6), pp.1-2. Available at: http://ijsrm.in/v3-i6/27%20ijsrm.pdf [Accessed 15 Apr. 2018]. How Manga and Anime influence Fashionhttp://otapleonehalf.tumblr.com/post/126507841313/how-manga-and-anime-influence-fashionAnalysis and Interpretation:Conclusion: RefernceWilkin, D. (2014). The influential impact of fandoms. Fandoms are indicative of passion and dedication, don't be so quick to judge.. [online] The Diamondback. Available at: http://www.dbknews.com/archives/article_fac2e8e6-3def-11e4-ab37-001a4bcf6878.html [Accessed 14 Apr. 2018].http://ijsrm.in/v3-i6/27%20ijsrm.pdfhttp://otapleonehalf.tumblr.com/post/126507841313/how-manga-and-anime-influence-fashionhttps://www.theguardian.com/fashion/gallery/2015/sep/17/minnie-mouse-how-the-disney-cartoon-influenced-fashionhttp://www.complex.com/style/2012/08/how-90s-cartoons-influenced-todays-style-trends/patterned-shorts

African American Injustice Essay

â€Å"In the eyes of white Americans, being black encapsulates your identity. † In reading and researching the African American cultural group, this quote seemed to identify exactly the way the race continues to still be treated today after many injustices in the past. It is astonishing to me that African Americans can still stand to be treated differently in today’s society. In reading â€Å"Blacks in America†, Andrew Hacker states that â€Å"being black in America has consequences in areas of: wealth, identity, raising children, occupational opportunities, place of residence, and treatment in the criminal justice system. † To be honest, and I feel bad saying that I already knew this was happening to African Americans. I have heard stories of blacks not getting jobs; regardless of how qualified they are for the position, because of the color of their skin. I have heard stories, and even witness black children getting picked on in school because of the simple fact that they are black. I watched a video in school where a black family moved into a white neighborhood, and before long all the white families had moved out because they didn’t want a black family in their neighborhood. This was confirmed by Hacker in my research in the quote, â€Å"Almost all residential areas are entirely black or white. † I have also seen videos of African American men getting beaten by white arresting officers, and have heard stories of many black men being stereotyped by policemen. This must be why Hacker states â€Å"When white people hear the cry, â€Å"the police are coming! † it almost always means, â€Å"Help is on the way. † However blacks cannot make the same assumption. † These are all reports and events that I think the average American has seen before, but yet most people, including myself, continue to just shrug of and ignore. I guess it’s something that I might have subconsciously accepted, or maybe refused to think more deeply about. In reading and researching, I reaffirmed knowledge that I refused to take a greater note of. I wouldn’t say I learned anything new, because I knew what I wanted to focus on. A quote from Andrew Hacker’s article summarizes the above best, â€Å"In the eyes of white Americans, being black encapsulates your identity. † It may be easy to tell how I am going to focus this anthology. I am going to focus it on the injustices that African Americans continue to face in the United States today. That being, I know exactly what I need to get out of my interviewees, but it is probably a sensitive subject for some of the people I need to interview. I am not black, and I don’t know what it feels like to face this discrimination in everyday life. I can understand the tenderness that African Americans must feel then, when revealing and talking about their experiences with discrimination. I would think then, that it must be especially sensitive to talk about with a person from the race that they receive this everyday discrimination. It will be interesting to hear all the different types of prejudice that my interviewees have received throughout their lives. I would imagine that it ranges from just a look, or the way white Americans act around them, to voiced and physical altercations between themselves and white Americans. Hacker at times seems to be speaking directly to African Americans as he describes these altercations, â€Å"So many of the contacts you have with them (white Americans) are stiff and uneasy, hardly worth the effort. † But to me, that is exactly what the problem is. Why would it not be worth the effort? The first step to take for the uneasiness between the two races to cease to exist is for us (all people) to stop seeing color because once we act differently around the other is where all the problems seem to start. The second step is to make these contacts worth the effort. If we choose to continue to stay in our own comfortable circle of race, when is the problem ever going to end? The answer is never. My opinion as a white 18 year old is that most of the blame lies on the white race. Imagine being eyed every time you go into a store, having your car searched for no reason, or greeted warily at restaurants all because the color of your skin is different. We ignore this daily discrimination because no cares enough anymore to take notice that it happens every hour, every day somewhere in the United States. Will it ever stop? Not until we each take the steps to make it. A recent census commercial I’ve seen said â€Å"We (United States) can’t move forward until you mail it back. † I believe that our country can’t move forward and truly be great until we make sure these daily discriminations are eliminated from our society. In this project, I will interview African Americans on their personal experiences with discrimination, how they handle it, and if they think anything can be done about this problem. Sources: Andrew. 1999. â€Å"Blacks in America. † Pp. 160-168 in The Meaning of Sociology, 6th ed. , edited by Joel Charon. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. A Time to Kill. Dir. Joel Schumacher. 1996. â€Å"African American History. † University of Washington Libraries. Web. 02 Apr. 2010. .

Family Factors That Influence Students’ Behavior in School

The traditional family structure has changed over the years because of divorce, single parent homes, two-career families and financial hardship. In an unstable environment, a child may act out causing disruptive behavior in school. School personnel deal with each student on an individual basis to figure out what factors are influencing their disruptive behavior. It is worthy to note, family factors attribute to a broad spectrum of negative student behavior in school. Sponsored Link Free online learning Inspiring new ways to teach your students STEMFamily DynamicsThe first teacher in every child's life is his parent. Studies indicate that parental expectations towards education is evident in a child's behavior. This is true no matter the type of family dynamics. Children with parents who nurture learning in a positive encouraging way have a better chance of succeeding in school. Too much encouragement or a parent with a negative, non-caring attitude towards learning may lead to an und ue pressure on the child causing anxiety, stress, underachievement and rebellion. Divorce It is not uncommon for children in a divorce situation to have behavioral issues in school.Divorce causes distress within a child. Their mind wanders and worries about the divorce situation. Guilt, feelings of loss, dislike of a parent or parents within the divorce situation may cause a child's mind to wander during school hours. Possible behavioral issues include aggression, loss of friends, isolation, intolerance for authority, and lack of tenacity to complete assignments. Financial Hardship The socio-economic status of a family plays a role in a student's behavior. There are numerous educational advantages for children from well-to-do families, even though they may have behavioral issues in school.It is, however, more likely that a child who lives in poverty or in the lower end of the middle-class will repeat a grade, be suspended or may be expelled or drop out from school. Violence and Abus e The National School Safety and Security Services states children who come from abusive homes harbor violent tendencies. Violence or mental abuse between parents or between parent to child manifests within a child to create a fearful environment. The child learns that violence or mental abuse is the answer to numerous situations, and may cause aggressive, disruptive and violent actions within the school system.Children exposed to sexual abuse and those that have been sexually abused may resort to sexual acts at an early age or they may attempt to force sexual acts on others. How Can Behavior Affect Academics for Students? Academic achievement isn't always an absolute measure of a student's intelligence. Instead, a variety of factors, such as teacher involvement, parental investment, school quality and student motivation, can affect academic life. Student behavior also plays a major role in academic achievement. A student's behavior can affect her ability to learn as well as other s tudents' learning environment.Sponsored Link Free online learning Inspiring new ways to teach your studentsDisruptive BehaviorStudents who behave disruptively by bullying other students, talking during lectures or by requiring the teacher to interrupt lessons to discipline them can have a negative effect on an entire classroom. A 2010 study published in â€Å"American Economic Journal: Applied Economics† found that disruptive students can lower the test scores and academic achievement of an entire classroom.Teachers who have disruptive students in their classroom may have to spend additional time on behavioral management, reducing the time the teachers spend teaching. Impulse Control Neurologists Sam Wang and Sandra Aamodt argue in their book â€Å"Welcome to Your Child's Brain† that impulse control is one of the most significant factors predicting academic success. Students with poor impulse control have more difficulty motivating themselves to study, do homework and listen in class. This can decrease their ability to excel academically, even when they perform well on IQ and achievement tests.Wang and Aamodt emphasize that rule-setting and teaching frustration tolerance play critical roles in helping children develop impulse control. Student Motivation Even the best teachers can't force a student to learn if the student is completely unmotivated. Student motivation can determine whether a student studies or does her homework, whether she seeks additional help when she needs it and how carefully she listens in class. A 2006 paper published in â€Å"Annual Review of Psychology† emphasized the role that student motivation plays in learning and found that unmotivated students tend to perform more poorly.The textbook â€Å"Child Psychology† cites research from developmental psychologist Albert Banudra indicating that children who are internally motivated are more likely to excel than children who require external motivation in the form of punishments and rewards. Mental Health Disorders Learning disorders and mental health problems such as attention deficit disorder, dyslexia, autism and oppositional defiant disorder can dramatically affect student behavior. Students with oppositional defiant disorder, for example, struggle to accept authority and may frequently defy teachers and parents, according to â€Å"Child Psychology.†Students who need mental health interventions, occupational therapy or psychoactive drugs may behave poorly in class even when teachers have excellent classroom control. This can affect these students' ability to learn, and students with some disorders may be unable to achieve good grades in typical classrooms. Things That Affect Children's Behavior Many aspects of a child's life affect his behavior. Home and school experiences play a critical role — they shape the way a child develops socially, emotionally, physically and intellectually as well as how he learns to cope in diffic ult circumstances.Within these two environments, sleep, diet, peers and parent discipline each affect behavior. Sponsored Link Natural ADD/ADHD Relief Relieve ADD/ADHD Symptoms Fast with Safe & Homeopathic Synaptol ®. synaptol-for-adhd. hellolife. net Sleep According to the National Sleep Foundation, sleep is â€Å"the primary activity of the brain during early development. † According to an article at CNN. com, a study published in the journal â€Å"Pediatrics† shows that â€Å"sleepy school children make crabby classmates, while students who get plenty of sleep are better behaved.†The study was performed by Reut Gruber, director of the Attention Behavior and Sleep Lab at the Douglas Research Center in Quebec, Canada. For one week, half the children in a class went to bed earlier than the other half. They were healthy children with no prior sleep or behavioral issues. Teachers noticed significant differences in the children's behavior. Students who slept less were overtired, impulsive and irritable. They had much more difficulty handling their emotions. Children who got more sleep were more resilient and alert. Diet A child's diet can also influence his behavior.In 1970, Ben Feingold created a diet that eliminated artificial colors, flavors, sweeteners and preservatives. It was intended as a treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Feingold suspected that such artificial ingredients led to hyperactivity in children. WebMD notes that â€Å"while most scientific studies have disproved Feingold's theory, some parents who have tried the elimination diet have reported an improvement in their child's behavior. † A new study performed in 2007 supported the theory. Claudia Wallis, in a â€Å"Time† article titled â€Å"Hyper Kids?Cut Out Preservatives,† discusses this study, which was published in the British medical journal â€Å"The Lancet. † The study found that common food dyes and the preservative sodium benzoate can cause children to become hyperactive and distracted. Peers Peers play a powerful role in how a child behaves. Young children learn a lot about behavior through observation and often copy each other. For instance, if a child cleans up his toys in a classroom and gets positive feedback from a teacher, another child might be encouraged to clean up her toys.If a  child throws food and other children laugh, another child might then want to throw food, too. Peer influence on adolescents might be even more powerful. A study performed by researchers at the University of Western Ontario and published in the July/August 2007 issue the â€Å"Child Development† journal showed that a teenager's desire to fit in and be part of a popular group played a role in his behavior. While being part of a group can lead to positive feelings and actions, being part of a deviant group can lead to riskier behaviors in adolescents.Parent Discipline AbilityPath. org describes the aff ect of consistent positive discipline on behavior in an article titled â€Å"Positive Discipline and Guidance for Children. † The goal of positive discipline is to guide your child to behave in socially acceptable ways. The article reviews several parent discipline styles. The authoritarian style emphasizes obedience and might include corporal punishment. This style of discipline can lead to insecure or aggressive behavior in children and an inability to make decisions, according to the site.The neglectful style, in which parents are minimally involved with their children, can cause low self-esteem, little trust in people and trouble learning new skills. The permissive style of discipline lacks structure. Permissive parents rarely enforce rules and tend to allow children to do whatever they please. Children parented in this way may have difficulty handling their emotions and may be less mature. Lastly, an authoritative-democratic –or positive — parenting style i nvolves teaching children to take responsibility for their actions. Appropriate expectations and consequences are made clear.Good behavior is encouraged, modeled and supported. This type of discipline promotes self-control and influences how a child makes decisions and interacts with the world around him. Behavior problems can affect a child's ability to learn and retain new information. Behavior problems at a young age can even predict future academic problems. Children who exhibit behavior problems at age 6 are more likely to struggle in math and reading at age 17, according to a study published in Pediatrics. Address behavior problems as early as possible to increase your child's chances of academic success. Sponsored Link ADD/ADHDNatural ReliefEnjoy Fast ADD/ADHD Symptom Relief with Safe & Homeopathic Synaptol ®. synaptol-for-adhd. hellolife. net Examples of Behavior Problems That Interfere With Learning Hyperactivity Hyperactive children have difficulty staying seated, which makes it difficult to complete school work. Hyperactive children also tend to be forgetful, according to the Johns Hopkins Medicine website. Children who forget things repeatedly struggle to memorize information, making learning very difficult. Hyperactive children may have difficulty participating in quiet activities, such as reading or writing, because they often talk incessantly.Hyperactivity causes children to shift their attention from one activity to another quickly, which poses challenges to a child trying to complete an assignment or task. Impulsivity Impulsive children may disrupt the entire classroom by blurting out answers without raising their hand. Children who answer homework and test questions by writing down the first answer that comes to mind, may score poorly on their assignments. Impulsive children struggle to think ahead, plan and problem-solve effectively, according to Michelle Anthony at Scholastic. com. These impulsive behaviors often interfere with learning a nd applying new concepts.Other impulsive behaviors, such as physical aggression or talking in class, may require disciplinary action that results in a child's removal from the classroom. Inattention Inattention deters a child from being able to focus on a single task. Instead of paying attention to the teacher, a child with attention problems may be watching other children, playing with things in his desk or just staring out the window. At home, children with attention problems may take a long time to complete their homework or they may not have enough mental energy to complete their assignments.Attention problems can also interfere with organization. An inattentive child may forget his homework or lose his assignments. Oppositional Behavior Children with oppositional behavior argue with adults and refuse to follow rules. Oppositional children also struggle to take responsibility for their mistakes, according to the John Hopkins Medicine website. An oppositional child may refuse to attempt any of his work. He may also refuse refuse to participate in certain activities, such as group projects.At home, oppositional children may argue with parents about homework and may refuse to put any effort into completing assignments. What Are the Factors That Affect Academic Achievement of Students? Factors that affect academic achievement include their level of intelligence. Social factors can greatly impact the academic achievements of children as well. Some social factors that should be monitored include aspiration levels, academic inclination, peer relations, social class, and home conditions. What are the factors that affect academic achievement of students?

Economics of Gender Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Economics of Gender - Research Paper Example Recognition of gender equality therefore enriches economic growth in a nation. Gender equality is conveyed in approaches, opinions, actions and policies that mirror an equal valuing and endowment of opportunities for both genders. Absence of discrimination between both genders can also evidence equal eminence between the females and the males in a society. In gender equality, all individuals hold an equivalent level of power and indulge other people with respect and consideration irrespective of their sex (Dollar, David & Gatti, 1999). Equal opportunities and equal worth for both sexes is therefore a demonstration of gender equality. Gender equality can be seen where there is no inferior valuation of females to males at birth. In a society that there is gender equality, women are accorded both their legal and marital rights. The fertility rates and child mortality rates are also lowered. There is no one solitary measure for quantifying the status of women comparative to men at the universal level. Research indicates that two measures can generally be used and these are the gender-related development index and the gender empowerment measure (Mikkola, 2007). The gender-related development index cascades if the accomplishment levels of both women and men reduce or if the discrepancy between their achievements intensifies. On the other hand, the gender empowerment measure scrutinizes whether women and men are competent to energetically partake in the economic and political life of a society. It also studies whether women do take part in decision-making in a society. This measure is fashioned using information on women’s purchasing influence and decision-making supremacy in the economy and political power in Parliament. Despite the use of these two types of measures, the measurement of gender equality can sometimes be difficult. This is because some of the roles t hat

Earth day Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Earth day - Essay Example Earth day serves to broaden the support base for the protection of the environment. By focusing on the negatives of pollution, the day triggers the development and support of programs that can reduce pollution (McNamara and Gordon 17). Collaborative efforts in communities around the world are observed on this day all for the concern of the environment. People around the world can be instrumental in helping the earth regain its environmental profile as it was before the increased pollution. Each person has a moral responsibility of engaging in activities that do not cause pollution to the environment. Additionally, a person can volunteer to take part in a community initiative to protect the environment such as planting trees or conducting public awareness rallies. Essentially, the options to contribute to earth day are limitless. Each person can make a difference by being an advocate for the environment either at home or at work. Employees can community environmental friendly business practices to the management as a way to participate in the environmental

Moral, Legal, Political and Practical Dimensions of Assassinations and Research Paper

Moral, Legal, Political and Practical Dimensions of Assassinations and The Assassination of John F. Kennedy - Research Paper Example Publicly, a man named Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested as the sole perpetrator of the crime but intense questioning of Oswald was prevented by another fatal shooting, this time conducted by a man named Jack Ruby who shot Oswald as he was being transported and then died in prison shortly afterward as a result of illness. However, reports continued to come in that shots were heard from another direction from that in which Oswald was hidden, reports that were given more credence once the president’s body was examined. In order for Oswald to have killed the president, it was argued, he would have had to have had a ‘magic bullet’ that was capable of ricocheting around inside the president’s body in an unnatural way before finding an exit. While this report does not promise any definitive answers to what actually happened that day in Dealey Plaza, it does take a look at the event as it is known and some of the controversy that has emerged surrounding the Warren Com mission’s report. President Kennedy was the nation’s 35th president, was the youngest president up to that time and was the first Irish Catholic president to serve (â€Å"John Kennedy†, 2007). As president, Kennedy worked to further the cause of Civil Rights and worked for the rights of the common man, extending America’s hand to other nations as an aid and support for these same efforts. Also under Kennedy, the Cold War heated up, coming to near blows with the Cuban Missile Crisis in early 1963. Following this event, Kennedy began working for â€Å"a world of law and free choice, banishing the world of war and coercion† (â€Å"John Kennedy†, 2007).  

Correlation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Correlation - Assignment Example Correlation helps so much and the complex correlational designs that are there recently are of so much help since they allow very little causal inferences (Riccardo, 2005). Some of the variables such as those which are related to malnutrition and other cases like age and birth order since they correlational in nature. They require correlational evidence in order to be proven scientifically. Correlation is also very important in statistics since it helps us so much to make predictions since when one is able to understand the score of something one is able to predict more accurately the next score having basis on correlation. Under controlled experimental conditions the evidence that has been gotten from studies that have used correlation one can be able to test the evidence. Correlation is a very good method and by the use of its designs appropriately causal inferences are limited. It is cheaper when using some of the correlation. Most of the methods used in correlation are not expensive. It is very fast and cheap and also easy to apply. It helps the researchers to collect data in a very short time. Correlation is very effective (Thomas,

ART IN THE NEWS PAPER Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

ART IN THE NEWS - Research Paper Example Pachacutec reformed the city after he took over the throne in 1438 in which he built new streets as they appear today. The city resembles Puma and the Coricancha is located in the tail of the animal (News Central 2015). The city is the holiest in Incan according to myths related to the city. The temple was built around 1200 AD using the style of the Incas, which got many praises from Pedro Sarmiento Gamboa, an early Spanish historian. In his book, Sarmiento was overwhelmed by its evenness and beauty. The temple was between four main highways, connected to the four districts of the empire, and represented the importance of religion (News Central 2015). The temple was a symbol of unity and the cultural practices, which were diverse in the territory of the Incas. The temple provided housing for more than 4,000 priests and had captivating scenery especially the shadows cast by stones on the Andes Mountains. The temple had four main chambers with the dedication to the stars, the moon, thunder, and rainbows (News Central 2015). There was gold that filled the Coricancha and one of the chambers had a giant sun disc that reflected sunlight which provided light to the whole temple. The emperor used to sit in a sacred space, which was illuminated by the sun during the summer solstice. Cusco played a very important role for the success of the empire although there were disputes over the next Inca. There was an epidemic of smallpox brought by the European explorers in the 1530s, which resulted to chaos in the empire (The Guardian 2015). Francisco Pizarro of Spanish captured the empire during the chaos and demolished most of the Coricancha, melted all the gold sculptures and sent them to Spain. Afterwards, they put up a Cathedral on the same site, which was later destroyed by the earthquake. However, the foundations of the temple were left intact and today it attracts many people as tourists. Th e

Pre-Incorporation Contracts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Pre-Incorporation Contracts - Essay Example Section 32A (1) (a) of the Companies Ordinance of Hong Kong contains the statutory provisions governing the pre-incorporation contracts. According to this section where a person or a promoter who enters in to a contract on behalf of the company as agent before the incorporation of the company, then that person will become personally liable under the contract unless there is an agreement to the contrary entered into between the company and such person. However it is not possible that a contract between the company and the person can be entered into subsequent to the incorporation which makes the company liable on the contract. (IQS) Normally a pre-incorporation contract is an incomplete contract. It is incomplete because it doesn't specify the obligations of the different parties under the contract in case it was not possible to form the company. Similarly it doesn't state the remedy for the other party in case the company after incorporation is not able to perform. Three different rules can be adopted to resolve the situation: The Jiangsu Province Higher people's Court of China had promulgated certain decisions and passed on some opinions in the adjudication of certain types of company law cases that can be taken as guide lines for the determination of civil liabilities in the pre-incorporation contracts. According to the Higher People's Court, a 'company being incorporated' refers to an organization which is formed to carry out the acts necessary for the incorporation of the company. It can be assumed that its existence starts on the day on which the execution of the company constitution or incorporation agreement takes place and ends on the day on which the business certificate is issued to the company. In this context the 'necessary acts' implies the legal and economic acts done for the purposes of incorporating the company and complying with the requirements for the establishment of the company in the Company Law of the People's Republic of China. The Higher People's court had expressed the following remarks on the adjudication of certain company cases: Where a promoter does a necessary act for the incorporation of the company in the name of the company, the legal consequence of such an act shall be borne by the company. Where a promoter does a civil act unnecessary for the incorporation of the company, in the name of the company, the creditor may hold the promoter responsible for the consequential civil liability. When the company after incorporation ratifies the act of

International marketing strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

International marketing strategy - Essay Example Now, this effective communication is done by our super-creative marketers. Therefore, it is important that marketers and engineers work hand in hand to effectively deliver what customers want. Marketers know their customers and their goal is to create customer value whereas engineers know their product and their goal is to create producer value. Therefore, when marketers and engineers work together, they yield innovative products that are customer-oriented. In an investigation, it was found that those firms are more successful at innovative product development in which the employees are well equipped with the required skills to strategize marketing as a whole. Recently, a product-development process called Quality Function Deployment (QFD) has been adopted by U.S. and Japanese firms who promotes communication within the core team (marketing, engineering and manufacturing) and changes communication patterns from â€Å"top-to-bottom† management to focus more on horizontal routes where core team members communicate directly with each other and come up with better results. One of the greatest examples of integrating innovation with marketing is of Apple Inc., a multinational corporation which is ranked as the world’s most innovative company and who markets its designs and products as the customer’s need. Thus given, the importance of innovation in today’s business world, this paper focuses on how the MSC for innovation can be implemented and applied in other countries in the light of present marketing concepts and theories. Current Home Position of the Market: MSc innovation and enterprise is a relatively new program offered. It is not being offered at any other university in the UK. The scope of this program is very different and unique. However, there are some competitor courses being offered. A search undertaken in this regard unveiled that at the moment there are some 571 PG courses with â€Å"innovation† in the title. Most of these courses tend to cover everything related to innovation and have little relevance to the current job market. Many believe that number of courses offered with any relevance tend to be lower than 300. The search results were obtained using all of the following subject areas: Accounting and Finance Art and Design Business and Management Studies Economics Environmental science and Ecology Food Sciences Information Sciences and Librarianship Manufacturing Management Marketing and Advertising Studies Social Sciences Sports Science Tourism and Travel Industries Most if not all are concentrating on single aspects of innovation, whereas the projected MSc Innovation & entrepreneurship course at UWBS aims to cover multiple strands of â€Å"innovation† including skills development. The offerings in the West Midlands are more limited and do not include any â€Å"business skills † oriented innovation courses. From this point of view it would appear that there is a gap in the m arket. Thus there is a dearth of courses being offered in the market that are promoting this particular concept or mode of teaching. They don’t take into consideration the skill requisite requirement by SMEs and neither

The Things They Carried ( Tim o'brien) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Things They Carried ( Tim o'brien) - Essay Example Kathleen has been used symbolically to represent the reader. Just like the reader, she responds to the author. Her age and relationship with the storyteller, affects the manner in which he relays and conveys what happens. Just like the reader, Kathleen hears the story for the first time from her father (O’ Brien 32). Another symbolic figure in the story is the young Vietnamese soldier who is dead, constantly appearing in O’Brien’s nightmares, visions, and hallucinations. This symbolizes guilt over horrible acts in war. O ‘Brien had thrown a grenade during war four years ago, but was not certain whether he had killed a man. The author has also used the character Linda symbolically to represent how it is possible to bring back pats elements through storytelling and imagination. Linda was O’ Brien’s classmate who died in fifth grade of brain tumor (O’ Brien 132). She symbolizes O’ Brien’s believe that storytelling can be used to negotiate confusion and pain. She was his first love and his first experience of death. Through her, the author communicates that through imagination, the past can be brought to the present, and the dead made

The Role of the Ghost in Hamlet Essay Example for Free

The Role of the Ghost in Hamlet Essay The ghost is a symbol of instability in Denmark and it is the omen which signifies to Denmark that something is wrong. In Shakespeares play, to Hamlet, the ghost is a symbol of his father whom he has great admiration for, as he numerously refers to his father as a Greek God: Hyperion, and constantly measures the discrepancy between his father and Claudius: Hyperion to Satyr. The greatest juxtaposition of the two opposites serves to emphasis the salient differences between the two characters. * The ghost, who is a very image of Hamlet Senior: a figure like your father is able to take advantage of As a result of Hamlets admiration for his father. It is the ghost who encourages Hamlet to murder Claudius in order to avenge his fathers death: Revenge this foul and most unnatural murder! The pejorative words used to illustrate the ghosts opinion of murder highlight his disapproval of the murder. He dramatizes the moment, saying 0 list, list, 0 list1If thou didst ever thy dear father love. Shakespeare uses various literary elements to add-emFive power to the role of the ghost; for example, the ghost criticizes the murder, referring to ~tas most foul, strahge and unnatural. The groups of three M e r fuel Hamlet to murder the king. Ironically despite of his apparent disapproval of murder, he wants Hamlet to commit the same task. This may cause the audience to question the motives of the ghost, which seem hypocritical. The ghost continues with a battering of mixed messages when he condemns to Queen for her sexual depravity: thy most seeming-virtuous queen loved prey on garbage. However following this, he tells Hamlet to not think badly of his mother, as Heaven will deal with her actions: Taint not thy mind nor let thy soul contrive / Against thy mother aught, leave her to heaven / And to those thorns that her bosom lodge / To prick and sting her. The violent imagery he uses only further heightens Hamlets disgust at his mothers actions. The metaphor of thorns in her bosom is an antithesis because the bosom and rose are symbols of femininity, but the prick and sting2epict the idea of pain (as well as phallic references); and since Hamlet is so influenced by his father (in the fonn of a ghost), his hatred for his mother increases. These conflicting ideas haunt Hamlet later in the play, when he is confused to how he should treat his mother: I will speak daggers to her but use none. His ambivalence between acting violently but not actually using that violence is shownwhen Hamlets procrastinates in killing Claudius. Though he mentions that his thoughts are bloody he never manages to translate these thoughts into action, partly due to the contradicting views the ghost has planted in him. Overall, the role of the ghost is to encourage Hamlets obsessive thoughts about his mothers marriage to his uncle, as well as to foreshadow fateful events to follow.

The Social Determinants Of Childhood Obesity Health Essay

The Social Determinants Of Childhood Obesity Health Essay Childhood obesity is an international problem in the 21st century. In Hong Kong, it is easy for us to find the increasing trend of child obesity rate from the media. Why does the problem happen in Hong Kong? Are there any solutions to reduce the childhood obesity? In this paper, I will firstly to talk about the seriousness of childhood obesity in Hong Kong. Then, I will explore the childhood obesity from the social determinants. Then, I will talk about the solutions of this health problem by using health promotion strategies. The current situation of childhood obesity in Hong Kong Childhood obesity as an international health problem Childhood obesity is now becoming a worldwide problem nowadays. Obesity means a people who accumulates too much body fat and he or she will face on health problems in the future (Haslam James, 2005). According to World Health Organization (2012a), obesity is one of the serious health problems in the 21st century and now there are 170 million overweight children who are under 18 years old. Also, more than 40 million children in the world under the age of five were overweight in 2010 (World Health Organization, 2012b).In every year, there are at least 2.6 million people die because of overweight or obese (World health organization, 2012c). The negative effects from childhood obesity Childhood obesity causes different problems in childrens development and health. LeBow (1986) had come out three potential dangers of not treating the fat child, including persistent obesity, barriers in the life and potential health threats. He thinks that obese children are stigmatized from peers, parents and society in the childrens development. This will leads them to enter into vicious circle that they have low self-esteem and become fatter and fatter. Many obese children think that they will still obese and it continues after they grow (Peckham et al., 1985; Stunkard Burt, 1967). Yung (2009) has illustrated what diseases may lead by childhood obesity (See Figure 1). He also mentioned that if government fails to curb childhood obesity, there will be a lot of youngsters suffering from the diseases in the future. Figure 1: Classification of medical and psychosocial consequences of childhood obesity (Yung, 2009). The numbers and phenomenon of childhood obesity in Hong Kong In Hong Kong, there is an increasing trend on the overall childhood obesity rate. Appendix 1 shows the latest data on childhood obesity in Hong Kong. According to the [emailprotected] Campaign (2012a), the overall obesity rate increases from 16.4% to 20.9% in the past 15 years. The numbers also show out that boys are easily to become obese than girls with around 5-10% of disparity on the obesity in different gender. Besides the data from the government, more information reflects that the potential crisis on suffering from other diseases related to childhood obesity. A cross-sectional study from CUHK shows out that about 13% of boys and 11% of girls were obese in examining around 2 600 children aged 6-13 (Sung, 2007). It also mentioned that about 10% and 3% of the children were detected on having three or more and four or more of the six cardiovascular risk factors respectively, including high systolic blood pressure or diastolic blood pressure, high blood triglyceride, low blood high-density lipoprotein, high blood low-density lipoprotein, high blood glucose and high blood insulin (Sung, 2007). Also, patients are getting younger and younger to suffer from diabetes or cardiovascular diseases because of childhood obesity (Wan jiu xue tong, 2007). Therefore, childhood obesity has become a major health care issue in Hong Kong from the facts in both statistics and news reports. In the next part, I will talk about the social determinants of childhood obesity. The social determinants of the childhood obesity The framework of social determinants in analyzing the childhood obesity According to World Health Organization (2012d), social determinants of health include life, development and health system afforded by the distribution of power and resource. It also shows out the phenomenon as health inequity which affects peoples health status. World Health Organization Western Pacific South-East Asia (2008) had set up some index to evaluate the public health in Asia Pacific. In this time, I will borrow the framework to analysis childhood obesity in Hong Kong with adjusting the index and adding related factors (See Figure 2). The reason of adopting this framework is to show out how our social settings make childhood obesity instead of attributing to self-responsibility from individual. I also add the item main stakeholders because they are the main media to lead the things happening in society. Factors Main stakeholders Original meanings Adjusted meanings Income and poverty Family Overall economic situation Overall economic situation Economic status of the grassroots Lifestyle Family Eating habits Physical activities Eating habits Physical activities Personal growth Education School Literacy rate School setting Culture and knowledge Society Not including Traditions, views and knowledge of food Figure 2: The framework to analysis the childhood obesity in Hong Kong Family Family is one important sector in enforcing the childhood obesity because they have the most responsibility to take care their children. From our born to independence, it is not only fulfill childrens basic life but also learning the foundation of knowledge and skills. Therefore, they have an important responsibility in forming the childhood obesity. Income and poverty Economic status affects peoples health in their life. World Health Organization Western Pacific South-East Asia (2008) mentioned that poor people are hard to maintain their health because they lack of resource to access health service and take actions to prevent diseases. It also mentioned that Hong Kong is regarded as a high-income country from the World Bank in 2008. It also has a better medical system comparing to other developed countries. At the same time, there is a big disparity between the rich and the poor with high gini index around 53.3% (Central Intelligence Agency, 2007). So, the overall economic situation and economic status of the grassroots should be attended on analyzing the health problem in different class. Meals with more meat and less vegetables are common after the improvement of economy. Every Hong Kong people consume 150KG meats in 2011 which is more than the US (Gang ren shi rou, 2012). Many parents regard children should eat more meat in their meals because of their physical development. Some parents even do not limit the amount of meat to their children because they think they should provide the best to their children if they can. In hence, children may bring up an unbalance diet. Parents will become more difficult to improve children into correct diet. When the children eat too much meat unconsciously, it will cause child obesity if the children lacks of enough exercise at the same time. To the grassroots, fast-food is easily to lead childhood obesity. It is because poor children in Hong Kong usually follow their mothers, who are usually the new immigrants, to the fast food shops. According to Chan, Deave and Greenhalgh (2010), fast-food shops are good places for them to meet other parents and friends. They also think it is a more safety places than playgrounds. Additionally, Hong Kong style fast food is unhealthy. For example, 2 pieces of Western Toast (à ¨Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ £Ã‚ «) have 356 kcal, 19g fat, 116mg cholesterol, 513mg sodium and 8g saturated fat (Xiao xue sheng san, 2004). It is easy for children to overtake nutrition and harmful substances as Trans fats. Except the grassroots, having too much fast food is also common for normal families. According to Chan, Deave and Greenhalgh (2010), long-hours culture is always happened on adults. To save time, some parents may buy fast-food or pre-prepared food as dinner to their children. Some children may provide holding meal in the evening and it always leads them not to eat dinner very late at night. Children eat too much fast food chronically and it will easily to become child obesity. Lifestyle Lifestyle is the way a person lives. From the World Health Organization Western Pacific South-East Asia (2008), diet and physical activity are the ways to promote and maintain good health in a country. Obesity means the unbalance state in high diet and low physical activities. Family should make sure their children to have enough nutrition but not overdose. Unhealthy meals are one of the main factors to cause childhood obesity. Except having fast food or meals with more meat and less vegetables, another source of unhealthy meal is from bad cooking habits both from Chinese and Western. One of the examples is that Chinese prefer to use more oil and animal fat to cook the meal so the children have higher Cholesterol levels than foreign children (Fu mu tai qian, 1999). Another example is that Western meals may have high calories but low fiber as Baked Pork Chop with Rice containing over 1,200 calories (Yuan li zhu pai fan, 2003). If parents do not count nutrition intake, children will eat too much and it will become obese very easily. Another factor for childhood obesity is lacking exercise. Doing exercise is a way to consume extra nutrition and maintain personal health. According to the Community Sports Committee of the Sports Commission (2012), about 80% tested children thinks that they have enough exercise but only 9% fulfill the US standard of physical fitness. Lacking exercise of Hong Kong children has lasted over 10 years. There are few reasons to explain the phenomenon. The first reason is the school setting and I will explain later. The two one is the sense from parents. If parents are active in doing exercise, their children will also have more sense to do the exercise. Unfortunately, there are around 35% of parents with no participation in sports and more than 60% of families cannot arrange family sports time during each weekend (Community Sports Committee of the Sports Commission, 2012). The third one is the children spend too much time on different electronic screen. According to the Community Sports Committee of the Sports Commission (2012), about 40% of Hong Kong children aged 7-12 spend more than 5 hours on sedentary activities like studying and recreation. If children spend more time on the screen, they will have less time to do the exercise. School Schools are another important stakeholder in solving the childhood obesity. It is because children spend 1/3 of the whole day in schools for learning. If a school can convey enough health information through lessons and activities to the students, they can sustain their health on their lifetime and produce less health problems when they grow up. Education Public concerns on education are largely on formal education issues in a school setting. World Health Organization Western Pacific South-East Asia. (2008) evaluates the public health in different countries by assessing the literacy rate and enrollment rate. In Hong Kong, compulsory education is provided to the children for leading high literacy rate and enrollment rate, which are 94% and 74% respectively (World Health Organization Western Pacific South-East Asia, 2008). So, it seems the childhood obesity may not relate to insufficient knowledge. According to the Community Sports Committee of the Sports Commission (2012), the tested children reflect that too much school work is the barriers for doing exercise. Therefore, school setting may be a good way to observe childhood obesity. Unhealthy food provided by the tuck shops and lunch supplies lead childhood obesity. Although Education Bureau and Department of Health create different guidelines to encourage schools for providing healthy food, there are still a lot of schools providing unhealthy food through tuck shops and meals. According to Chen (2008), 90% of primary schools still sell unhealthy snacks in their tuck shops. Maintaining revenue and student tastes are the reasons for the tuck shops continuing to provide unhealthy food. Also, guidelines cannot limit the schools to provide unhealthy food. Over 40% of primary schools still provide unqualified meals without enough vegetables and fruits (Si cheng xiao xue, 2009). 80% of kindergartens provide unqualified meals with over intake of fat, salt and health food products (Du Cai, 2011). If children eat too much unhealthy food without enough exercise, it is not difficult for them to become obese. Indifference on Physical Education and play areas is another reason to lead childhood obesity. Normally, students in primary schools have 2-3 Physical Education lessons with 35 minutes per lesson in each week. Only 22 minutes are doing exercise and even 4 minutes for moderate to vigorous exercise can be done in each Physical Education lesson (Chen, 2006). For kindergarten students, there are only 20 minutes for physical activities (Chan, Deave and Greenhalgh, 2010). Many schools also do not allow students to run during the recess because of not enough space and safety to everyone. It is a backward concept criticized by Dr. Patrick Lau who is a professor of the Department of Physical Education at Hong Kong Baptist University (Jia Xiao jin pao, 2005). Students can only conduct static activities which leads them have no chances to do the exercises. This will let students cannot release the extra nutrition which will cause obesity. Over-emphasizing on academic subjects is also the problem for childhood obesity. Starting from Primary 4, students are forced to put more efforts on academic subjects because of a good path for a better secondary school and university. Sometimes, Physical Education lessons are sacrificed for academic subject lessons or classroom guidance. Also, tutorial classes after school is very common in Hong Kong.. Whether primary school or secondary school students, they will always spend some time after school to attend those lessons. This will reduce the students chance to do enough exercise to prevent child obesity in their leisure time. Society Society is the third stakeholder in solving the childhood obesity. It is because society has a force to integrate and coordinate different people and organizations for solving the problem. Also, it has the most influence on promoting healthy lifestyle. Culture and knowledge Culture is the values, beliefs, behavior and material objects that together form a peoples way of life (Macionis, 2006). Knowledge is someone who familiarizes somebody or something on facts, information, descriptions, or skills from experience or education. Culture and knowledge are directly affecting peoples mind and behavior. Some Chinese tradition proverbs do not encourage children to do the exercise in their daily life. One is called Fat equals to blessing (à ¨Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¦Ã‹Å" ¯Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ °Ã‚ £). It means if a person is fatter, it also equals to a stable life. This is more popular to old generation because they have lower education level comparing to the young couples. Another one is called diligent makes contribution and games are no use (à ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¦Ã…“†°Ãƒ ¥Ã…  Ã… ¸Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¦Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ…  ). These concepts are widely in our society so that exercise is not preferred. For example, some grandparents may think that English is important than games because of low walkability and limited opportunities (Chan, Deave and Greenhalgh, 2010). Fast food culture is also common in Hong Kong. It is not difficult for us to find a fast food shop in urban areas. They always promote their food or promotion on different media as TV or websites. The culture is very fit in Hong Kong because fast food strengths on efficiency which matches long working hours. On the other side, children loves to eat fast food too because it fits their taste. The information of nutrition is not very clear to Hong Kong people. Although Hong Kong has nutrition labels since 2010, there are still around 40% people not or seldom attending the labels (Janice, Mingo Sharon, 2011). Public are always late to know some of the products which is not as health as they imagine. According to Huang and Xin (2006), the content of sugar, salt and fat are over the normal standard in many corn chips. Because of the social determinants in childhood obesity, the obesity rate for overall primary school students raises from around 16 % to around 21% in the past 10 decade. In the next part, I will introduce the health promotion strategies to reduce the problems of child obesity. The health promotion strategies to tackle the childhood obesity Health promotion means a process to lead people for improving their health with increasing the sense and applying the behavior. The responsibility of health promotion is not only at the health sector, but also to reach healthy lifestyles (World Health Organization, 1986). To solve the childhood obesity, I regard five approaches to health promotion by Naidoo and Wills (2000) and social marketing should be used to solve childhood obesity in Hong Kong. It is because it can easily to assess what strategies Hong Kong has done and anything should be improved during the promotion. In the next part, I will talk about what stakeholders would be needed to conduct the health promotion. Then I will focus on the five approaches with related measures to solve the problem, introducing current measures and new measures. Stakeholders for health promotion In the social promotion, there will be two stakeholders to conduct the health promotion. One is the government and another one is the Non-Government Organizations. Government Government is very important in the health promotion. It will have different cooperation between hospitals, clinics, District Council, sport facilities, schools and families. Non-Government Organizations. Non-Government Organizations are always the forerunner to sense the problems in society. They are also strength on the flexibility when they promote in small organizations. It is because there are so many plans conducting to reduce childhood obesity, I can only use some famous examples to talk about how the strategies apply in our daily life. First, figure 3 shows the effects of the six approaches to health promotion in child obese. The medical approach Prevention and treatment Behavior change Encouraging somebody to adopt health behaviors The educational approach Providing knowledge and skills for personal choice in applying health behavior Empowerment Powering up somebody to concern and help in the issue Social change Creating choices with suitable cost, availability or accessibility Social marketing and media Increasing public awareness on particular concepts or behavior and stimulate publics mind for the response Figure 3: The effects of the six approaches to health promotion in child obese Source: Naidoo and Wills (2000) Promotions from government Medical system in stopping childhood obesity This system will focus on the prevention and treatment of childhood obesity in the media way. This is using the medical approach because of prevention and treatment in childhood obesity. Nowadays, Hong Kong had created the family health service and student health service for the children to check their health status from their born to 18 years old. It also connects with Specialist for the referral to treat the obese children. Maternal and Child Health Centres and Student Health Service Centre are distributed in different areas for children to do body check. Different Student Health Service Centre has the connection with hospitals in the same network. For example, the centre in South Kwai Chung can refer the children to Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine at Princess Margaret Hospital. The government can use the centres for scanning out the obese children from the checking on BMI, blood pressure and urine. Overweight or obese children will refer to assessment centres or Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine in hospitals. They will do more body checking as exsanguinate to confirm their body status and give suitable treatment to them as Nutritionist for health meal suggestions. This approach is to find out the obese children and reduce the deterioration of them. Social marketing Social marketing and media is common used by local government. The promotion is using a simple and clear way to focus on single concept or behavior, The usage is to raise public awareness on particular concepts or behavior and stimulate publics mind for the response. For example, the government had promoted the concept of Two Plus three Every Day through the TV advertisements. The aim of this advertisement is to explain the importance of enough amounts of vegetables and fruits in daily life. It also presents the examples on how do we count on eating enough vegetables and fruits. Campaign cooperating with schools [emailprotected] is one of the campaigns to promote healthy lifestyle in eating. It uses educational approaches to do the promotion because the plan provides teaching materials for school to spread the knowledge to parents and students for choosing health meals in daily life. Except teaching, the scheme wants schools to provide more healthy food to the students by giving them some guidelines. For example, there are over 20 documents to help schools for choosing suitable food supplies for tuck shop and lunch ([emailprotected] Campaign, 2012b). Through this approach, government prefers schools and students can choose the more healthy meals by themselves. Promotions from Non-government Organizations Smart Kids Fitness project This project was created by Centre for Health Education and Health Promotion from the Chinese University of Hong Kong. There is cooperation between the professionals, schools and parents. This plan includes teacher training and support, needs assessment and progress monitoring, parent training and supports, tailor-made weight-management plan for individual students, 12-week weight management intervention programme and school-based health promotion programme (Centre for Health Education and Health Promotion, 2008). Figure 4 shows the concepts of the project. Figure 4: A Health Promoting Schools Approach in Addressing the Problem of Childhood Obesity (Source: Centre for Health Education and Health Promotion, 2008) It contains different approaches for its promotion. Firstly, Education approach is used to teachers, parents and students with related knowledge. The project strengths at using behavioral approach and empowerment approach. Through the tailor-made weight-management plan and 12-week weight management intervention programme, students had created the sense to supervise their own health and try to improve their health with changing their habits with their parents. This can also power up their confidence to manage their health. Last but not least, the organization thinks that it is success because they can create sustainability on the participators (Centre for Health Education and Health Promotion, 2008). Recommendations for reducing childhood obesity To me, different strategies applied by the government and non-government organizations are needed in reducing childhood obesity. From my observation, I regard many strategies focus on creating health lifestyle but little on food choices and easy exercise which can do it everything. So I will suggest two directions for increasing the approach of behavior change and social change. Firstly, the government can cooperate to Green Monday, which is a non-government organization for promoting vegetarian food on each Monday for health and environment. For example, Cafe De Coral is one of the restaurants to join Green Monday. It will provide 2 dishes of vegetarian food on the Green Monday. The government can encourage food suppliers to join by adding the conditions in the tenders of tuck shop and lunch suppliers. Specific details need to be discussed but I may suggest some conditions to explain the idea. For example, tuck shops and lunch suppliers need to provide at least 50% of healthy food and drinks on Green Monday. If the bidders can meet the conditions, he or she will have the advantages in bidding the contracts or having subsides in operating the business. The reasons of promoting the day are to respond some of the tuck shops or lunch suppliers still providing too much unhealthy food to the students for many years and create a sense to students that they can cho ose for eating healthier meals. Secondly, the government can promote easy exercises for urban people. One of the social determinants is parents and children have no sense to do the exercise. Climbing stairs activities and fitness walking are two examples for the promotion. Both exercise are easy to learn and do it in the surrounding areas as park or blocks. They are also suitable to whole family members. These exercises may increase the incentives to people for doing exercise. Conclusion To conclude, Hong Kong is an international city who also has childhood obesity as other countries in the 21st century. Everyone knows that obesity is harmful to adults and child but it is different to change personal lifestyle because society contains different elements which are not benefit to our health. Although our government and non-government organizations try their best to change the situation, there are still a lot of children who are living in unhealthy life. But I think we should have confidence to face on the childhood obesity because social atmosphere of healthy lifestyle will be informed gradually if we insist for healthy lifestyle.

Should Video Games be Considered a Sport?

Should Video Games be Considered a Sport? Video Games has become one of the most popular source of entertainment. Inspired by countless numbers of screaming supporters with lots of cash in prize on the line. Top competitors must hold up against hard training workouts, but also enjoy good income and business offers. We are not mentioning to basketball or football here, but the top-level world of professional activity enjoying. Many activities such as on-line poker, polo and golf have been asked as authentic activities. According to the world Olympic board, on-line poker, polo and golf all fall under the category of activities. But it seems that golf has been the only activity conducted at the Olympics of these three. That makes an odd point, if these activities are considered activity, why arent they offered as activity by the Olympic board. Activision, one of the top activity enjoying companies known for titles such as The Amazing Spiderman, Transformer, and Deadpool is now looking for to create an official ESPN division cal led Major Group Gaming(MGG) according to their venture. This has led to the debate on whether video games are a real activity and if Activisions attempt to create Major Group Gaming can provide an increase in income and recognition or a huge failure. In order to figure out whether an activity can become a sport needs a close look of the meaning. According to the vocabulary, a game is an action including movements and expertise in which an individual or team plays against another or others for enjoyment. Even though video games easily drop under a classification of skills being used and including one or more participants, it overlooks the movements part of the information. Unless you consider moving fingertips as movements, video games do not drop under this purpose of game. This is only one of many explanations for sport. There are many versions to the meaning that will play an important part in identifying if in fact activities is highly recommended sports on a nationwide field. Regardless of these activities being considered a sport or not, games companies will have difficulties shifting their competition into a satellite TV game route in order for the game to become worldwide. Although, some activities have been subject of international finalization and challenge around the entire globe in the past 10 years. For example, League of Legends, one of the popular game played on the globe granted $1 million to their last years champ in the competition. Such activities being regarded as sport seems difficult to believe but extensive reputation of the category may change the publics understanding, especially with Activisions production of Major Group Game. For MGG to become a nationwide feeling, Activision is going to have to achieve viewers other than the range of younger gamers who have come up with preliminary market for expert gamers. The fact that only adolescents have interest in viewing or taking part in expert gaming but as they get older and as the expert gaming field produces, it is completely possible for expert gaming to stick the unique aging viewers as well as the future genesis. By consequence, there may be a pretty firm base for expert gaming to have a world of sports. Not only adolescents would have fun with the competitors, also mature as well. If money is engaged, the viewers will be more drawn to the competitors. Technology affect our lives a lot. It has increased rapidly in the field of our basic lives activities. Simulation play an important role in this subject matter. As of today, Sony-one of the biggest company to produce consoles and other devices, developed a device for video game called Virtual Reality(VR). What the VR does is allowing the user to play a video game with the feeling that he is in the video games. Basically, your movement in real life is connected to your character or image in the game. This is just one way of saying that video is not just sitting at on a couch with a bag of food. It also involves physic movement which relate to the real-life sport and exercise. Factors Affecting Reaction Rates: Experiment Factors Affecting Reaction Rates: Experiment Maria Angela R. Dulin and Felix P. Terencio Jr. ABSTRACT An area in chemistry that focuses on the speed or rate at which a chemical reaction takes place is chemical kinetics. In drug making, in pollution control and in food processing, knowledge about the rate of reaction is useful (Chang, 2010). Since chemical kinetics has a widespread application in our daily lives, it is just right to take a deeper look into this field. Moreover, the determination of factors affecting reaction rates is essential in this study. Thus, the focus of this experiment was to determine the effects of some of these factors on reaction rates. This was done by having a specific variable altered in two or more setups in each part of the experiment like the nature of the reactants, concentration, temperature, surface area and the presence of a catalyst. Conclusions were drawn based on the results obtained from the experiment. It was shown that an increase in temperature, surface area and concentration leads to an increase of the reaction rate, also the more reactive the reactants in nature the faster the reaction rate. Lastly, the addition of catalyst resulted to an increase in reaction rate. INTRODUCTION Kinetics oftenly suggests a definition that pertains to movement and change or, in terms of energy, the energy that is harnessed through an object’s motion. Chemical kinetics, however, refers to the branch of chemistry that deals with the speeds at which a chemical reaction occurs. Kinetics also refers to the rate of a reaction, or the reaction rate, which can be defined as the change in the concentration of a reactant or product with respect to time (Chang, 2010). Due to the fact that the actual manner in which a reaction occurs is not yet fully understood, the following reaction rate theories are commonly used to explain how reactions happen: the Collision Theory and the Transition State Theory. According to the Collision Theory, all reactions happen as the result of collisions of the reacting molecules. However, not all collisions are successful in producing a reaction. For a collision between molecules to be productive, they must possess the minimum amount of energy required which is the activation energy (Ea) and the proper orientation. On the other hand, it is stated by the Transition State Theory that an intermediate complex or transition state complex, that cannot be isolated, is produced prior to the formation of the final product (Engle Ilao, 2007). In addition to these reaction rate theories, it is also vital to the total comprehension of the behavior of reaction rates to understand how certain factors can affect them. Through the m anipulation of the nature and concentration of reactants, temperature, presence of a catalyst, and surface area, we are able to examine and observe how these factors can alter or change the rate of the chemical reaction. The experiment aims to determine the effects of those stated factors on the rates of chemical reactions. The determination of the rate law expression using the method of initial rates is also an objective of the experiment. Lastly, the value of the activation energy of a reaction should also be evaluated through accomplishing the experiment. METHODOLOGY All the necessary apparatus and reagents were gathered and prepared prior to the conduction of the experiment. The effects of the factors affecting reaction rates were observed in five separate parts of the procedure. The first factor to be tested was the nature of the reactants. Two test tubes were labelled as A and B. Each test tube contained 3 ml of water (H2O). In test tube A, a strip of magnesium ribbon (Mg) was added while in test tube B, a small piece of sodium metal (Na) was added. Observations were then recorded. The second factor that had been tested was the concentration of reactants. Two setups were prepared, hydrochloric acid (HCl) concentration was held constant while sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) concentration was variable for the first part. In contrast, HCl concentration was the variable while Na2S2O3 concentration was kept constant in the second setup. An empty 10-ml beaker was placed on a piece of white paper marked with an â€Å"X.† Then, a specific volume of 0.15 M Na2S2O3 was then placed inside the beaker. The researchers were tasked to check if the mark was still visible through the solution. Thereafter, a corresponding volume of H2O and 3 M HCl was added immediately. The time from the moment the HCl was added to the moment the mark was no longer visible had been recorded. The stated process was done ten times with varying volumes of reagents. 0.15 M Na2S2O3 (ml) H2O (ml) 3 M HCl (ml) I. Constant HCl Concentration 5 0 1 4 1 1 3 2 1 2 3 1 1 4 1 II. Constant Na2S2O3 Concentration 5 0 2.5 5 0.5 2.0 5 1.0 1.5 5 1.5 1.0 5 2.0 0.5 The third factor that was put into the test was temperature. Two test tubes were prepared, one with 5 ml of 0.15 M Na2S2O3 while the other contained 7.5 ml of H2O and 2 ml of 3 M HCl. Both test tubes were immersed in a water bath containing tap water for 5 minutes. Both solutions were mixed in a 50 ml beaker placed on top of a piece of white paper marked with X. The time from the moment the solutions were placed in the beaker to the moment the mark was no longer visible had been recorded. This process was repeated at two other temperatures: one approximately 10 ºC lower than room temperature and the other approximately 10 ºC greater. To test the surface area for the fourth part, two identical strips of Mg ribbon were needed, one was cut into smaller pieces and the other remained uncut. The uncut Mg ribbon and the shredded Mg ribbon were placed in separate test tubes. Then, 5 ml of 3 M HCl was added to both test tubes. Observations were then noted. The last factor, the presence of a catalyst was also tested by preparing two test tubes. In each of the two test tubes, 5 ml of 3% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was placed with about 1 g of Rochelle salt or sodium potassium tartrate. One test tube was then heated gently while a pinch of cobalt (II) chloride (CoCl2) was added to the other test tube before it was heated gently. Observations had been recorded. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results from the first part of the experiment, where the nature of reactants was the factor to be tested, is shown by Table 1. The reaction profile of both reactions are presented by Figure 1. Table 1. Observations on the Nature of Reactants Reactants Visible Results A Mg ribbon Formation of small bubbles on the surface of the Mg ribbon; Very slow reaction compared to test tube B B Na metal Evolution of gas; Solution turned murky white with bubbles; Formation of heat; Fast reaction compared to test tube A It is evident from the results of the experiment that the reaction of Na metal with water has a lower activation energy compared to that of Mg ribbon. It is proven by how the reaction of Na metal was the faster and more reactive reaction, which can only mean that it has an activation energy low enough to be easily achieved or reached. This is because of Na having a more reactive nature, with an ionization energy of 496 kJ/mol, compared to that of Mg, which has a higher ionization energy of 737 kJ/mol, given that the lower the ionization energy required, the easier it is to remove electrons, making it much easier for the element to react (Larsen, â€Å"Ionization Energy†). Figure 1. Reaction profiles of the Reaction with Mg and Na How the concentration of the reactants affects the rate of reaction is shown by Tables 2.1 and 2.2. The slopes of the reaction rates with respect to the concentrations of the reactants of the setups can be found on Figures 2.1 and 2.2. Table 2.1. Constant HCl Concentration [Na2S2O3] [HCl] ln [Na2S2O3] Time (s) Rate (1/s) ln Rate 0.15 M 0.5 M -1.897 12 0.083 -2.485 0.12 M 0.5 M -2.12 17 0.059 -2.833 0.09 M 0.5 M -2.408 27 0.037 -3.296 0.06 M 0.5 M -2.813 42 0.024 -3.738 0.03 M 0.5 M -3.507 100 0.01 -4.605 Computations for the concentrations of HCl and Na2S2O3 are as follows: [HCl] = = 0.5 M [Na2S2O3]1 = = 0.15 M [Na2S2O3]2 = = 0.12 M [Na2S2O3]3 = = 0.09 M [Na2S2O3]4 = = 0.06 M [Na2S2O3]5 = = 0.03 M Through linear regression: r = 0.998 mNa2S2O3 = 1.298 y-intercept = -0.083 Where, y = ln Rate, x = ln [Na2S2O3] mNa2S2O3 = the order of the reaction with respect to Na2S2O3 y-intercept = ln k + mHCl Ãâ€" ln [HCl] Based on the gathered data from the experiment, the reaction is in first order with respect to Na2S2O3. Figure 2.1. ln Rate vs. ln [Na2S2O3] Table 2.2. Constant Na2S2O3 Concentration [Na2S2O3] [HCl] ln [HCl] Time (s) Rate (1/Time) ln Rate 0.1 M 3 M 1.099 5 0.2 -1.609 0.1 M 2.4 M 0.875 14 0.071 -2.639 0.1 M 1.8 M 0.588 14 0.071 -2.639 0.1 M 1.2 M 0.182 17 0.059 -2.833 0.1 M 0.6 M -0.511 20 0.05 -2.996 Computations for the concentrations of HCl and Na2S2O3 are as follows: [Na2S2O3] = = 0.1 M [HCl]1 = = 3.0 M [HCl]2 = = 2.4 M [HCl]3 = = 1.8 M [HCl]4 = = 1.2 M [HCl]5 = = 0.6 M Through linear regression: r = 0.771 mHCl = 0.659 y-intercept = -2.838 Where, y = ln Rate, x = ln [HCl] mHCl = the order of the reaction with respect to HCl y-intercept = ln k + mNa2S2O3 Ãâ€" ln [Na2S2O3] Based on the gathered data from the experiment, the given reaction is in zeroth order with respect to HCl. Figure 2.2. ln Rate vs. ln [HCl] With a first overall reaction order, the rate law expression of the given reaction is: Rate = k [Na2S2O3]1 [HCl]0 = k [Na2S2O3] Moreover, the specific rate constant is: Based on the data gathered with a constant [HCl] y-intercept = ln k + mHCl Ãâ€" ln [HCl] -0.083 = ln k + 0.659 (-0.693) ln k = 0.374 k = 1.453 s-1 Based on the data gathered with a constant [Na2S2O3] y-intercept = ln k + mNa2S2O3 Ãâ€" ln [Na2S2O3] -2.838 = ln k + 1.298 (-2.303) ln k = 0.151 k = 1.163 s-1 As seen in the rate law stated earlier, each reactant has an order which relates to how their concentration affect the rate of the reaction. That is, an increase in the concentration of the reacting particles also increases the reaction rate. As stated in the Collision Theory, all reactions happen as a result of collisions of the molecules of the reactants (Engle Ilao, 2007). It only makes sense that an increase in concentration of reactants means that the number of collisions among reacting particles would also increase. This could only prove that the rate of a reaction is directly proportional to the number of collisions. The effects of temperature to the rate of a reaction is shown by Table 3. The slope of the specific rate constant with respect to the temperature can be seen on Figure 3. Table 3. Temperature as a Factor Affecting Reaction Rates Temperature (à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™) 1/Temperature (1/K) Time Rate (1/s) k (s-1) ln k 23.3 3.373 x 10-3 50 s 0.02 0.385 -0.955 31.5 3.282 x 10-3 34 s 0.029 0.558 -0.583 52.5 3.071 x 10-3 21 s 0.048 0.916 -0.088 Calculations for the concentrations of HCl and Na2S2O3, and the specific rate constant are as follows: [Na2S2O3] = = 0.052 M [HCl]i = = 0.041 M Rate = k [Na2S2O3] k = ki = = 0.385 s-1 k2 = = 0.558 s-1 k3 = = 0.923 s-1 Through linear regression: r = -0.99 ml = -2,778.572 y-intercept = 8.466 Where, y = ln k, x = 1/Temperature m = y-intercept = ln A Hence, m = Ea = -mR Ea = -(-2,778.572 K)(8.314 J/K mol)(1 kJ/1000 J) Ea = 23.101 y-intercept = ln A 8.466 = ln A A = 4,751.091 s-1 Figure 3. ln k vs. 1/Temperature It is proven by the results that the setup with the greatest temperature had the fastest reaction compared to the other two with lower temperatures. The relationship between temperature and the rate of a reaction can be explained by the Arrhenius equation: k = Ae-Ea/RT The Arrhenius equation exhibits the relationship of temperature to the specific rate constant of a reaction. That is, as T increases, the negative exponent decreases making the value of k larger, leading to an increase to the reaction rate. This is because of the presence high energy particles at higher temperatures. The greater fraction of excited particles, the easier it is to satisfy the energy of activation, which is a requirement for the reaction to take place (â€Å"The Arrhenius Equation†). Varying the amount of surface area of the reactant resulted into the visible observations that is shown by Table 4. A greater surface area means that there are more of the reactants’ surface exposed to one another. Simply put, there are more areas to react on. There is a greater chance for the reacting molecules to collide and interact. A smaller surface area, however, provides less area for reaction to occur. Some reacting molecules are shielded by other reacting molecules, making it harder to produce a reaction, resulting into a lower rate. Table 4. Observations on Surface Area of the Reactant Reactants Visible Results Strips of Mg ribbon Dissolution was relatively slower (reaction occurred in 26 seconds); Heat was formed; Evolution of gas was present Pieces of Mg ribbon Dissolution was fast (reaction occurred in 12.62 seconds); Heat was formed; Evolution of gas was also present The presence of a catalyst in the reaction resulted into the visible observations that is shown by Table 5. Catalysts are substances that alter the rate of reactions. A catalyst may speed up (a positive catalyst) or slow down (a negative catalyst) the reaction rate. In the given reaction in the experiment, CoCl2 acted as a positive homogeneous catalyst, which made the reaction rate occur faster and follow a different reaction mechanism with lower activation energies. Table 5. Observations upon Addition of a Catalyst Reactants Visible Results H2O2 + Rochelle Salt Colorless to murky; Relatively slow reaction (occurred in 30 seconds) H2O2 + Rochelle Salt + CoCl2 Purple to green, then turned pink again; Fast reaction (occurred in 23 seconds) In conclusion, many factors can affect the rate of a chemical reaction. The nature of the reactants affect the reaction rate based on the different activation energies of substances. The concentration of the reactants can also influence the frequency of collisions between the reacting molecules, which may affect the rate of reactions. Temperature not only affects the frequency of reactant collisions, but also affects the energy those collisions possess. The surface area of reactions influence the amount of available or exposed sites to react on. Lastly, the presence and nature of a catalyst not only alters the activation energy of the reaction, but also alters the mechanism in which the reactants react. REFERENCES Chang, R. (2010). Chemistry (10th ed.). New york, NY: McGraw-Hill. Engle, H. L., Ilao, L. V. (2015). Learning modules in general chemistry 2 (2007 ed). Manila, Philippines: Chemistry Unit, Department of Physical Sciences and Mathematics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Manila. Larsen, D. (Ed.). (n.d.). Ionization Energy. Retrieved June 22, 2015, from http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Ionization_Energy The Arrhenius Equation. (1996). Retrieved June 22, 2015, from http://www.shodor.org/unchem/advanced/kin/arrhenius.html University of the Philippines Manila, Chemistry unit. (2015). Laboratory manual in general chemistry 2 (2007 ed.). Manila, Philippines: Author. CHEM 18.1, Factors Affecting Reaction Rates 1

Essay --

Drew Rivera English 4 Ms. R. Crow December 11th, 2013 NSA spying, what is it and how can we stop it? The National Security Agency was created in 1952 through a top secret memorandum signed by President Truman. At the time of its creation, the NSA was secretive, with only a few members of Congress knowing about it. Existence of the agency had been a deep secret until it was unveiled in a Senate investigation called the â€Å"Church Committee† in 1975 (2nd Source Title: Timeline of NSA Domestic Spying). The Committee uncovered illegal domestic spying by the NSA, and recommended it make reforms, this was one of the earliest incidents / scandals for the NSA. Prior to that, in 1973 the Supreme Court ruled that warrants are required and that the NSA are to provide the names of all US citizens and residents it wished to monitor. After 9/11, President Bush ordered the NSA to eavesdrop without court approved warrants technically breaking breaking previously set â€Å"rules† on domestic spying. Leaked reports from whistleblower and former NSA contractor Edward Snowden, claims the NSA reviews millions of phone records collected by Verizon (source title: NSA said to be spying on millions of Verizon users.), does this sound legal to you? The NSA collects and keeps record of calls made in the U.S., this includes the phone number of the telephone that is receiving and making the call, and the duration of the call. This is known as â€Å"metadata† it doesn’t include a recording of the call. This information was discovered through a leaked secret court order, that states Verizon is to turn over all information meeting this criteria every day. Phone Companies including AT&T and Sprint, are also said to be giving up records to the NSA on a daily basis. All of... ...vering information about the programs. In that sense, the supposed â€Å"Congressional oversight† seems more like an illusion of accountability. The NSA claims its mission for domestic spying is â€Å"simple† that they are here to : collect, process, and store U.S. citizen data for the good of our nation. They NSA further elaborates that they cope with the overload of information we have in our country and use it to their strategic advantage. This in turn, helps them find new ways to detect, report, and respond to all domestic threats. â€Å"We work through you. For you. For our Nation.†(Source:http://nsa.gov1.info), this means they are trying to justify that spying on civilians is being done for the good of our nation. Though they claim this is for the sake of our nation, does this violate any previously set laws that are in the constitution or amendments in the Bill Of Rights?

Mr Dolphus Raymond tells Scout, Your pa’s not a run of the mill man. :: Free Essay Writer

Mr Dolphus Raymond tells Scout, Your pa’s not a run of the mill man. How far do you agree with this description of Atticus Finch? The novel ‘To Kill a Mockingbird’ by Harper Lee is set during the 1930s in the Deep South of America, during a time when there was a large racial segregation. The book is about Tom Robinson, a black man accused of the rape of a white woman, Mayella Ewell. Tom Robinson’s lawyer is Atticus Finch. Atticus is a white, single father of two children, Scout and Jem. The family live in the town of Maycomb County, Alabama. It is a very close knit community and Atticus is family, friends or a neighbour to nearly all the people of Maycomb. He is frowned upon by nearly all the white citizens of Maycomb because he is defending a black man. Atticus believes Tom Robinson is innocent and so defends him, with or without the support of Maycomb’s citizens. Atticus Finch is ‘Maycomb County born and bred’ and is ‘related by blood or marriage to nearly every family in Maycomb’. Atticus has lived in Maycomb all his life and at the start of the book, before the trial, is highly regarded as a good citizen of Maycomb. Atticus is a fair and honest man. Atticus is one of the only men in Maycomb who does not share the prejudices of the other citizens. He is also very well educated unlike many others in the town, whether this is due to lack of money or simply the fact people cannot be bothered to go to school, like the Ewell family. On Scout’s first day of school we find out that every member of the Ewell family ‘come first day every year and then leave’. He treats black and white people the same and he gains a lot of respect from the black community of Maycomb. A few of the white citizens of Maycomb support Atticus during the trial but Mrs. Dubose is not one of them. Mrs. Dubose tells the children ‘Your father's no better than the niggers and trash he works for!’ I feel that Mrs. Dubose deep down likes Atticus but she has been brought up in a world or racism and prejudice and more than likely was taught not to like black people. One person who supports Atticus throughout the book is Miss Maudie. Miss Maudie is a neighbour of the Finch family. Miss Maudie is the only person who never loses faith in Atticus. During a conversation with Scout she tells her ‘there are some men in this world that are

The Prince Essay -- essays research papers

The Prince   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Governing countries and states properly has been a difficult task from the beginning of time. In every country there will be people to who are unhappy and will disagree with your rule, causing your system to fail. So, century after century, people have tried new ways to make their politics suffice everyone’s needs. However, the art of politics is a complicated and challenging issue that will always be needed to be dealt with. There have been many ways in which people have preached their ideas on politics, but none were better than those of Niccolo Machiavelli. Born in 1469, Niccolo was adamant in creating a master plan for seizing and controlling power. He voiced these themes on what it takes to be a prince of a state in his magnificent book, The Prince. In his book many themes were expressed in order to fulfill the role of a prince. These themes ranged from human nature to military force and most importantly virtue.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Machavelli believed that the state is the highest achievement of man and one should love the state more than his own soul. Being the perfect prince is clearly a difficult task, but if done correctly, it can be very rewarding. Machiavelli also believed that human nature does not change. In general Machiavelli thought people were ungrateful, selfish, and insincere people, who only care about themselves. Therefore the government must take account for man’s true nature and use his qualities for its purposes. Machiavelli also explained that a ruler who intends to be successful must be prepared to do bad things when necessary. He must sometimes caress, sometimes hurt, sometimes forgive, and sometimes punish. This requirement must override all moral judgments, and when making the decision, the ruler must act without hesitation. Hesitation would project â€Å"false wisdom†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another, and probably the most important concept of political success is the idea of virtue. Virtue means strength, intelligence, and courage, the necessary qualities of any human being. Machiavelli felt that the quality of virtue was found in some of the world’s most important leaders; Moses, Cyrus, and Romulus to name a few. Governments ruled by an individual depends upon this leaders virtue. Without it, the political success will crumble.   Ã‚  &... ...felt it was necessary to study history. This way he can focus on successful rulers’ victories and defeats and analyze them for his own well being. Alexander the Great studied and imitated the rule of Achilles and went on to become one of the most successful rulers ever. Machiavelli felt that these were necessary means in becoming a successful ruler. He also felt fortifications had little importance, stating â€Å"the best fortress is to be found in the love of the people†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Niccolo Machiavelli’s The Prince, we have read numerous aspects of becoming an effective and successful ruler. He focused on all aspects of life and discussed each in great detail. He studied human nature, fortune, military tactics, virtue, and personal qualities of past rulers and analyzed why each one’s rule collapsed. He found out the ruler with both the lion and the fox qualities, he was able to have a successful rule. Machiavelli was creating some sort of machine that would be able to conquer fortune, human nature, conspiracies, battle, and the test of to time to rule a politically unified Italy. The themes in The Prince have changed views on politics and leadership to this day.

Business Financing and the Capital Structure

Raising Business CapitalAs a financial advisor to this business there are two options to consider for raising business capital, equity financing and debt financing. The details, advantages, and disadvantages of both options will be provided. Also information about raising capital by selecting an investment banker will be discussed. To wrap up, the historical relationships between risk and return for common stocks versus corporate bonds will be examined. Equity FinancingIn terms of equity financing it is the process of raising capital through the sale of shares in an enterprise (National Federation of Independent Business, 2011). Equity financing is the sale of an ownership interest to raise funds for business purposes. â€Å"Equity financing spans a wide range of activities in scale and scope, from a few thousand dollars raised by an entrepreneur from friends and family, to giant initial public offerings (IPOs) running into the billions by household names such as Google and Facebook † (Kokemuller, 2013).The equity-financing process is governed by regulations imposed by local or national securities authority in most jurisdictions. The regulations are designed to protect the public from investing with unhonest operators who may raise funds from unsuspecting investors and disappear with the money. An equity financing is therefore generally accompanied by an offering memorandum or prospectus, which  contains a great deal of information that should help the investor make an informed decision about the merits of the financing (National Federation of Independent Business, 2011). Such information includes the company's activities, details on its officers and directors, use of financing proceeds, risk factors, financial statements and so on.AdvantagesThe main advantage of equity financing is that it doesn't have to be repaid. Plus, you share the risks and liabilities of company ownership with the new investors. Since you don't have to make debt payments, you can use the cash flow generated to further grow the company or to diversify into other areas. Maintaining a low debt-to-equity ratio also puts you in a better position to get a loan in the future when needed.DisadvantagesThere are tradeoffs with equity financing, the disadvantage of it is by taking on equity investment, you give up partial ownership and some level of decision-making authority over your business. Large equity investors often insist on placing representatives on company boards or in executive positions. If your business takes off, you have to share a portion of your earnings with the equity investor. Over time, distribution of profits to other owners may exceed what you would have repaid on a loan. Equity financing is different from debt financing, which refers to funds borrowed by a business.Debt FinancingsAccording to Investopedia, debt financing is when a firm raises money for working capital or capital expenditures by selling bonds, bills, or notes to individual and/ or institutional investors. In return for lending the money, the individuals or institutions become creditors and receive a promise that the principal and interest on the debt will be repaid (Investopedia, 2012).AdvantagesThe advantage of debt financing is it allows you to pay for new buildings, equipment and other assets used to grow your business before you earn the necessary funds. This can be a great way to pursue an aggressive growth strategy, especially if you have access to low interest rates. Compared to equity financing, businesses do not have to give up any ownership or control of the business with debt financing. After the loan is paid back the businesses relationship is completed. Other advantages of debt financing are the interest on the loan is tax deductible and if the loan is fixed rate the principal and interest can be planned in the budget (Kokemuller, 2013).DisadvantagesThe main disadvantage associated with debt financing is that you have to repay the loan, plus i nterest. If a company does not pay back the loan in the terms agreed upon the property and assets can be repossessed by the bank. Debt financing is also borrowing against future earnings. This means that instead of using all future profits to grow the business or to pay owners, you have to allocate a portion to debt payments. Overuse of debt can severely limit future cash flow and stifle growth. Is debt financing is not properly monitored and controlled it can hurt the business. If too much debt is carried the business and owner will be seen as â€Å"high risk† by potential investors and that will limit the ability to raise capital by equity financing in the future. Debt can also make it difficult for a business to grow if the cost of repaying the loan is high.Investment BankAnother option for raising capital is selecting an investment bank. They are financial institutions and individuals who assist companies in raising capital, often through a private placement or public off ering of company stock. Sometimes investment bankers are referred to as brokers or deal makers. Companies frequently use investment bankers to help identify available financing options and obtain introductions to funding sources (Growth Company Guide, 2000). Investment banks also provide up-to-date advice on the conditions of fundraising for private companies. Because investment bankers make a business of raising money for companies, they can often be quite helpful to a company in analyzing its funding needs, identifying the most likely or appropriate sources for raising money and executing a fundraising strategy (Growth Company Guide, 2000).An investment bank can help, but the quality of a company’s opportunity and the strength of its management team determines the amount of options open for a given fundraising. Investment bankers also vary in quality, resources, experience and contacts. Investment bankers who are experienced with the company’s industry and the type o f financing it needs, can often help a company raise funds. If they are unfamiliar with the company’s industry or the type of financing being sought, they may actually hinder a company’s financing efforts. Common Stocks versus Corporate BondsIt is commonly known and accepted among investors that the higher the returns on an investment, the higher the risks are. Safe investments carry low risk, but the returns are also lower. Different levels of risk apply to common and preferred stock, as well as to corporate bonds. Corporate bonds generally have the lowest level of risk of the three investment types, but also offer lower returns, even with regular dividend payments. Common stocks have the highest risk of the investments and the highest potential returns.Common StocksWhen you purchase stock in a company during a public offering, you become a shareholder in the company. Some companies pay dividends to shareholders based on the number of shares held, and this is one form of return on investment. Another is the profit realized by trading on the stock exchange, but one must sell the shares at a higher price than paid for. The risks of owning common stock include the possible loss of any projected profit, as well as the money paid for the shares, if the share price drops below the original priceCorporate BondsBonds issued by companies represent the largest of the bond markets, bigger than U.S. Treasury bonds, municipal bonds, or securities offered by federal agencies (Sandilands, T. 2013). The risk associated with corporate bonds depends on the financial stability and performance of the company issuing the bonds, because if the company goes bankrupt it may not be able to repay the value of the bond, or any return on investment. Assess the risk by checking the company’s credit rating with ratings agencies such as Moody's  and Standard & Poor's. Good ratings are not guarantees, however, as a company may show an excellent credit record until the day before filing for bankruptcy (Sandilands, T. 2013).RiskCorporate bonds hold the lowest risk of the two types of investments, provided you choose the right company in which to invest. The main reason for this is that in the event of bankruptcy, corporate bond holders have a stronger claim to payment than holders of common stocks. Bonds carry the risk of a lower return on investment, as the performance of stocks is generally better. Common stocks carry the highest risk, because holders are last to be paid in the event of bankruptcy.