Cold War :: essays research papers

There are two boys at school who really hate each other(a)(a). One just cant al-Qaida the others existence. The odd thing is that they dont know why they hate each other. Another odd thing is that they have neer fought. They have come pretty close, standing toe-to-toe staring at each other, but unitary of them always backs off. Whe neer they face off, each of them has his own squad of cronies, ready to jump in at the twitch of an eye. What started as two guys accidentally bumping into each other could quickly escalate into an all out bang at the drop of a dime. The silence is deafening. The two boys stares are cold and alarmingly deep. Their fists are clenched and their jaws are tightly closed. Their breathing becomes rapid. Rage swell up and fills their eyes. Onlookers hold their breath in anticipation of the carnage that is to come. The whole school knows that if these two actually threw down, there would be no holding back. auditory modality the lack of noise and seeing th e circle of kids, teachers, coaches, and the school resource officers come rushing to the scene. The two boys slowly back away from each other, neither one taking his eyes off the other. Everyone goes back to what they were doing, but the cloud of tension still hangs thick in the air.Other kids wonder why these two never actually fight. With so much hate for one another it seems as though they should have clashed by now. The answer is simple. Each one knows that his hatred for the other is so intense, so fierce, and so pent up that if it were ever unleashed on the other, there would be no way to save his life. Each one alike realizes that there is a slight chance that the other is stronger, quicker, more agile, and a better fighter. He may actually lose, which would mean certain death, as the fierceness in the others heart is just as fierce as his. They dont fight because they know the consequences would be severe, no count how the conflict turned out.Imagine what would happen if one of the boys decided to throw a punch. Another would surely follow. They would have continued beating each other until one of them was annihilated. The friends of the defeated one would retaliate, and the friends of the victor would defend.

A Look into Calvin Klein’s Advertisements Essay -- Essays Papers

A Look into Calvin Kleins AdvertisementsAs a seductive little man looks into a camera a raspy voice, saturnine camera, whispers, You got a real nice look. How old are you? Are you strong? You think you could rip that shirt off? Thats a real nice body. You work out? I can tell. No, its not straight out of a steamy coquet novel, though it could be. This is just one example of how provocative Calvin Kleins advertisements have been. Although the ads boosted sales for the Calvin Klein empire, it angered many parents, religious groups, and even the media over its message, its image, and its legality. There is no doubt the ads are in bad taste, but in advertising today, sex sells. Advertising is all based on the way a token individual perceives it. Flipping through any teen magazine, you will most likely come across a Calvin Klein advertisement that portrays his models as runway teenage junkies, young anorexic girls or even children clad in revealing clothing. In 1980, a Ca lvin Klein ad featured a 15-year-old Brooke Shields, who said that there was nothing amidst her and her Calvins. And who can forget the posters of Marky Mark grabbing himself in his cotton briefs, or the anorexic-looking Kate Moss that went topless in an ad. Patrick Carroll, President and General Manager of Calvin Klein Cosmetics Canada said, All advertising, for fragrances, jeans and underwear, share a equal look that combines creative minds, beautiful faces, buffed bodies, gr...

Teams in the Workforce Essay -- Job Employment Working Essays

Teams in the WorkforceIntroductionThe working environment in the United States and in m both other countries is undergoing tremendous change. The global marketplace, foreign trade, and the Internet have brought about a radical way of looking at business. Competition has risen to levels never before attained. In order for businesses to deliver the goods in such a competitive market, they must change their organizational structures and the way they conduct their work processes. However, change is difficult. People are the heart of any organization and in order to change people, it takes time. Collaboration is one of the new constructs that will replace hierarchy as the new inter-relational model in the workplace. These new work teams have some advantages and some disadvantages. Teams that use collaboration in the true sense are the most effective.Core Values of CollaborationThe heptad core set that are vital to collaboration are consensus, trust, responsibility, ownership, respect , honor, and recognition. The collaborative work ethic is the foundation for the collaborative workplace. It is a set of beliefs that is based on the fact that people come first in the workplace. It is believed that people work best when they own their workplace culture and their objectives are in line with those of the organization. In his book Transforming the Way We Work, Edward Marshal discusses how teams use collaboration to succeed and keep businesses competitive in the new economy. He says, Programs that focus on organizational effectiveness, empowerment, make sense quality, and or self-directed work teams have been a powerful new tool for change in some companies, In most instances, however, the underlying values by which these organizatio... ...s performance results in accomplishments that serve public needs. To do this public managers must take entrepreneurial risks (Levin and Sanger, 1994). Societies and economics are changing so quickly that it is increasingly deffi cult to respond to public needs. rough-and-ready public managers must continually attempt to interpret those needs and rapidly design creative responses. BibliographyCohen, Steven, The New Effective Public Manager, Jossey-Bass Publishers, San Francisco, 1995.Greenberg, Jerald, Managing Behavior in Organizations, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 1999.Lee, Albert, Call Me Roger, Contemporary Books, New York, 1988.Marshall, Edward, Transforming the Way We Work, American Management Association, New York, 1995.Whetten, David and Kim Cameron, exploitation Management Skills, Addison Longman, Inc., New York, 1998.

Anna and Emma and the arts :: essays research papers

The arts, in many different forms, played a major role in the events and divulgecomes of both Emmas and Annas life. The arts wedged major decisions in both of the characters lives. Whether it was an initial spark or a driving force, art played many roles. Even though they initially met at the train station, the met once again at a thud they both attend. While they were at the ball they fell into their routine of spring and socializing. Vronsky sought out Anna when he saw her but when they finally came together for the first time, that would be the beginning of the end for Anna. They were in the moment and the music helped put both of them in a trance with each other. This was the first time that the arts were involved in Anna and Vroksky coming together. This ball caused Anna great excitement inside her but in addition caused some pain to Kitty. When Kitty saw them together she knew, good at that moment, she had lost Vronsky to Anna. She apologized to Dolly for any hurt feeling s that may have arose at the ball with Kitty. I think that underneath her talk with Dolly, Anna enjoyed the affect that she had on Vronsky. When she finally returns home from the exciting ball, her life at home does not excite her as she thought it would. These balls and types of parties are something that were normal to Anna. In her class, society, and near friends, these events are of everyday occurrence. The only art that Anna takes part in is only the best her class has addressable to her. She is very high in status in her marriage with Karenina. They have a status and look to uphold. They drag each other to these great dancing balls or enormous parties and drink and talk about the same old thing every time. Vronsky knows about this type of class enough to know the right person who knows the right people. It was all about who you were friends with and who you were connected with. The society of balls and parties was the preference for Anna. Vronsky knew they would meet at these types of events. Vronsky played the arts the right way to conquer his sane maiden. Anna also has a chance to see Vronsky in a different way when they went to the races.

DNA in the Forensic Science Community Essay -- Biology, DNA collection

This paper explores deoxyribonucleic battery-acid (desoxyribonucleic acid) collection and its relationship to solving crimes. The collection of DNA is one of the roughly important steps in identifying a suspect in a crime. DNA evidence can either convict or exonerate an single(a) of a crime. Furthermore, the accuracy of forensic identification of evidence has the possibility of leaving biased effects on a juror (Carrell, Krauss, Liberman, Miethe, 2008). This paper examines Carrells et als look into along with three other research articles to review how DNA is collected, the effects that is has on a juror and the pros and cons of DNA collection in the rhetorical Science and Criminal Justice community.Keywords deoxyribonucleic acid, United StatesDNA Collection in the Forensic Science Community and its Effects on Solving CrimesOnce a crime has been committed the most important item to recover is any type of evidence left at the scene. If the suspect left any Deoxyribonucleic ac id (DNA) at the crime scene, he could then be linked to the crime and eventually charged. A suspects DNA can be aged if the suspect leaves a sample of his or her DNA at the crime scene. However, this method was not always used to track down a suspect. non too long ago, detectives used to use bite marks, blood stain detection, blood grouping as the primary tool to identify a suspect. DNA can be left or collected from the hair, saliva, blood, mucus, semen, urine, fecal matter, and even the bones. DNA analysis has been the most recent technique employed by the forensic cognition community to identify a suspect or victim since the use of fingerprinting. Moreover, since the introduction of this new technique it has been a la... ...race, class and gender differences. In addition, to the inequality, methods of presenting DNA data is sometimes sloppy and has the scrutiny of being dismissed on the grounds of misleading or confusing evidence. Also, the errors in the forensic scien ce community play a role in the uplifted number of exoneration cases because of false identification. Since DNA technology has been used there has been a high number of individuals convicted, linked or found innocent of a crimes. This technology has helped law enforcement catch suspects that may have never been found without the use of this technology. However, the research reflected that there is a admit for clearer interpretations of the DNA results, better equality provided for all regardless of race or class and that errors should be reduced to prevent having cases that need to be exonerated.

DNA in the Forensic Science Community Essay -- Biology, DNA collection

This paper explores deoxyribonucleic acid (desoxyribonucleic acid) aggregation and its relationship to solving crimes. The collection of desoxyribonucleic acid is one of the most important steps in identifying a laughable in a crime. DNA evidence can either yard bird or exonerate an individual of a crime. Furthermore, the accuracy of forensic identification of evidence has the possibility of leaving biased effects on a jurywoman (Carrell, Krauss, Liberman, Miethe, 2008). This paper examines Carrells et als research along with three other research articles to review how DNA is collected, the effects that is has on a juror and the pros and cons of DNA collection in the Forensic Science and Criminal Justice community.Keywords deoxyribonucleic acid, United StatesDNA Collection in the Forensic Science Community and its Effects on Solving CrimesOnce a crime has been committed the most important item to recover is any type of evidence left at the scene. If the suspect left any Deoxy ribonucleic acid (DNA) at the crime scene, he could then be linked to the crime and eventually charged. A suspects DNA can be recovered if the suspect leaves a sample of his or her DNA at the crime scene. However, this method was not always employ to surmount down a suspect. Not too long ago, detectives used to use bite marks, blood stain detection, blood grouping as the primary musical instrument to identify a suspect. DNA can be left or collected from the hair, saliva, blood, mucus, semen, urine, fecal matter, and even the bones. DNA analysis has been the most recent technique employed by the forensic science community to identify a suspect or victim since the use of fingerprinting. Moreover, since the introduction of this new technique it has been a la... ...race, class and gender differences. In addition, to the inequality, methods of presenting DNA data is sometimes sloppy and has the scrutiny of being dismissed on the grounds of misleading or enigmatical evidence . Also, the errors in the forensic science community play a role in the high number of exoneration cases because of false identification. Since DNA technology has been used there has been a high number of individuals convicted, linked or found innocent of a crimes. This technology has helped law enforcement catch suspects that may have neer been found without the use of this technology. However, the research reflected that there is a need for clearer interpretations of the DNA results, better equality provided for all regardless of race or class and that errors should be reduced to prevent having cases that need to be exonerated.

Ap Dbq List

A. P. United States History 2. Name___________________________Date________ ? Chapter 26. The Great tungsten and the Agricultural Revolution, 1865-1896. asc finaleant 1 After the polished War, colours overcame the Plains Indians fierce resistance and settled the Great westernmost, bringing to a close the long frontier phase of American history. stand 2 The farmers who populated the West found themselves the victims of an economic revolution in agriculture. Trapped in a per realityent debtor dependency, in the 1880s they ultimately human actioned to policy-making action to protest their condition.Their efforts culminated in the democrat Partys attempt to create an interracial farmer/labor coalition in the 1890s, but William Jennings Bryans defeat in the pivotal election of 1896 signaled the triumph of urbanism and the mall line. I. Summary for Chapter. Read this section as you are demanding the text, as these are the main ideas and concepts of the reading. It is also very important to look over all text inserts, cartoons, pictures, offices, charts etc. that are in the reading. (33 pgs) 1.At the close of the Civil War, the Great Plains and Mountain West were still occupied by Indians who hunted buffalo on horseback and fiercely resisted white encroach workforcet on their footing and way of bread and butter. But as the whites pedigree grazed the prairies and diseases undercut Indian strength and numbers, a cycle of environmental destruction and intertribal warfare briefly threatened Native Americans existence. The federal official government combined a misconceived treaty program with intermittent warfare to force the Indians into largely barren reservations. 2.Attempting to coerce Indians into adopting white ways, the government passed the Dawes bend, which eliminated tribal ownership of land while often insensitive humanitarians created a network of Indian boarding schools that further assaulted traditionalistic Native American culture. 3. The mining and cattle frontiers created colorful chapters in western history. Farmers carried out the final phase of settlement, lured by free homesteads, railroads, and irrigation. The census declared the end of the frontier in 1890, concluding a formative phase of American history.The frontier was less a safety valve than near believed, but the growth of cities actually made the West the most urbanized region of the United States by the 1890s. 4. Beginning in the 1870s, farmers began pushing into the treeless prairies beyond the 100th meridian, using the techniques of dry farming that step by step contributed to soil loss. Irrigation projects, later financed by the federal government, allowed specialized farming in many celestial spheres of the arid West, including California.The closing of the frontier in 1890 signified the end of traditional westward expansion, but the Great West remained a unique amicable and environmental region. 5. As the farmers opened vast new lands, agric ulture was becoming a mechanized business dependent on specialized production and international markets. Once declining prices and some other woes doomed the farmers to permanent debt and dependency, they began to protest their lot, first through the Grange and then(prenominal) through Farmers Alliances, the prelude to the Peoples (Populist) start upy. 6.The major depression of the 1890s accelerated farmer and labor strikes and unrest, leading to a growing sense of assort conflict. In 1896 pro-silverite William Jennings Bryan captured the antiauthoritarian Partys nomination, and led a fervent campaign against the goldbug republicans and their candidate William McKinley. McKinleys success in winning urban workers out from Bryan proved a turn of events point in American politics, signaling the triumph of the city, the middle class, and a new party system that turned outside from monetary issues and put the Republicans in the political drivers seat for two generations.II. Major principals & concepts for consideration. Write these out on a sieve rag week of paper. These will be the topics of discussion and class participation. gestate above in the summary of the chapter, as you answer the following conceptual questions 1. Discuss the causes and results of the warfare mingled with whites and Native Americans in the great West. 2. Explain the development of federal policy toward Native Americans in the late nineteenth degree Celsius. 3. probe the brief flowering and dusk of the cattle and mining frontiers. 4.Explain the impact of the closing of the frontier and the long-term significance of the frontier for American history. 5. Describe the revolutionary changes in farming on the Great Plains. 6. Describe the economic forces that drove farmers into debt, and severalise how the Grange, the Farmers Alliances and the Populist Party form to protest their oppression. 7. Explain the major issues in the critical campaign of 1896 and describe the long term perfumes of McKinleys victory. III. Significant names, terms, and topics K at one time these terms etc. A. P. Jeopardy The Clash of Cultures on the Plains (Page 594) Before reading this section read the quotation of Frederick Jackson Turner on rapscallion 594. This is a quote from his famous essay The significance of the Frontier in American History (1920) in like manner read the analysis of the essay in Varying Viewpoints on page 622. Also see 48 below. Please also see the picture and supply on page 595 this certainly talks to the document from the Coronado expedition of 1541. Overview Cause The encroachment of white settlement and the violation of treaties. Effect Led to nearly ceaseless warfare with Planes Indians from 1868 to about 1890. . import of intertribal warfare, and forced migration of tribes. Cheyenne and Sioux transformation from foot travel, crop villages to nomadic buffalo hunters. 2. Effects of European diseases, and white introduced livestock had devastati ng results. 3. Pacification Treaties marked the beginning of the reservation system in the West. Treaty of fortify Laramie, 1851 Treaty of meet Atkinson, 1853 These treaties established boundaries for each Attempted to separate Indians into two great colonies North and southwestward of intended 4.White misunderstanding of Indian culture and the results analyze the picture and supply Pawnee Indians in Front of their hold fast 1868 and the document One Dishearten Indian complained on page 592. 5. (1860) Great Sioux reservation (Dakota Territory) and Indian Territory in Oklahoma. Continued dishonesty of federal Indian agents. Immigrant and Buffalo Soldiers were involved in fierce warfare on the plains. see picture on page 597. Receding Native Population (Page 597) Study the map Indian Wars, 1860-1890 on page 598. As you read below locate the major Indian battles on the map. . Sand Creek murder (1864) Colorado, Killing of over 400 Indians. Colonel J. M. Chivington. See Chivington document on page 598. 7. Fetterman Massacre (1866) The Sioux led by Chief Red Cloud attempted to stop the Bozeman Trail, which was to go from Fort Laramie, Wyoming, straight through the heart of the Sioux hunting ground in Montana. Captain William Fetterman and his command of 81 were killed in Wyoming. The cycle of vicious warfare followed. 8. Treaty of Fort Laramie, (1868) The U. S. government abandoned building the Bozeman Trail. 9. Black Hills gold (1864) Colonel George Armstrong Custers scientific expedition into the South Dakota. Gold Rush 10. Little Big Horn Massacre (1876) Col. Custers Seventh Cavalry of 264 officers and men killed. Indian leaders were Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse. Indian resistance was gradually worn down, and by the end of the 1870s, most Sioux were on reservations. 11. Nez Perce (1977) In 1877 the U. S. government ordered the Nez Perce of eastern Oregon to move to a smaller reservation in Idaho. When they were given the orders to move the youngish braves staged a series of wears.Fearing reprisals, the Nez Perce attempted to escape to Canada, led by Chief Joseph. This group of 800 Indians evaded capture for 75 days before surrendering to the U. S. troops equitable 40 miles from the Canadian border. In advising his people to give up, Chief Joseph made a moving speech. I am tired of fighting. Our chiefs are killedThe old men are all dead. It is the young men who say yes or no. He who led the young men is dead. It is cold and we shit no blankets. The diminutive children are freezing to death. My people, some of them, have run away to the hills, have no blankets, no food.No one knows where they areperhaps freezing to death. I want time to have to look for my children and see how many I can find. Hear me, my chiefs. I am tired. My heat is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands, I will fight no more forever. 12. Apache tribes of Arizona and tonic Mexico Geronimo (c1823-1909 See the picture and caption on p age 599. 13. The fate of the Plains Indian culture 14. Name the factors that tamed the Indian none that the author has prioritized the factors, often this is what you are asked to do in historical essays.Can you see the type of question that could be asked here, and how you would set up your thesis? Within your thesis one would include what major factors? Railroad Diseases Alcohol Extermination of the Buffalo Note that you have a classic cause and effect Railroad building, disease, and the destruction of the buffalo, decimated Indian and hastened their defeat at the hands of advancing whites. Bellowing Herds of Bison (Page 599) 15. Bison as the staff of life for the Plains Indians. 16. Railroad construction and the food supplies f or the workers. William Cody -hero or villain? The End of the Trail (Page 602) Study the map, caption and text Vanishing Lands on page 602. Study the text on The Indian Removal Act of 1830 and The Dawes Act of 1887. 17. Helen Hunt Jackson A Cen tury of Dishonor (1881) Ramona (1884) What was the significance of these books? What other books in your study of history had significant influence on public opinion? Study the photograph and caption Lakotas Receiving Rations at Standing Rock Reservation, ca. 1881. On page 603. Also study the document Plenty Coups speaks 18. why did do-gooders want to make Indians white folks? 19.Outlaw of the Sun trip the light fantastic toe in 1884. Ghost Dance cult spread among the Sioux 20. The Massacre at Wounded Knee (1890) on the Pine Ridge reservation in South Dakota resulted in the deaths of 200 Indians, many of them women and children. The incident at Wounded Knee marked the end of armed conflict betwixt the United States government and the Indians. Read the documents Civil War veterinary General Sheridan reflected on page 602. 21. Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. This dissolved many tribes as legal entities. Forced-assimilation No tribal ownership Individual family heads with Severalty The condition, as of land being held or owned by separate or individual right. Reservation land not given to the Indians was sold, money going to military service civilize and educate the Indians. Why do the authors call this a misbegotten offspring of the Indian tame policy? 22. Carlisle Indian School (1879) Pennsylvania. Kill the Indian and save the man. By 1900 Indians had lost 23. Indian Reorganization Act, (1934) (The Indian New Deal did what? ) 24. By 1887 Bullets, bottles, and bacteria resulted in? What did the census of 2000 indicate? Mining From Dishpan to Ore surf (Page 604) 5. fifty-niners (1858) Colorado gold rush Pikes Peak many stayed on to mine or farm grain. 26. Nevada, 1859 Comstock Lode (1860-1890) both gold and silver. Significance to Lincoln in 1864? Smaller mining strikes drew population into Montana, Idaho and other western states 27. Boomtowns Vigilante justice 28. What re ordinated the individual miner? Why was this significant? Why was the mining frontier important to women? Why are the dates given and states given important to women? 29. The great abundance of precious metals mined in the West had a profound affect on the nation. Thesis) Note the factors of importance given by the author and how they prioritize these factors. Quickly list those factors under economic political social Beef Bonanzas and the Long Drive (Page 605) Study the map Cattle Trails on page 605 and flavour the photograph and caption Dressed to Kill. 30. Solution of the marketing business for the Long Horn 31. Beef barons Swift and Armour Giant meat packers at Kansas City and Chicago 32. The long drive Texas cowboys to the Railroad terminal cow towns Dodge City, Abilene, Kansas, Ogallala, Nebraska, and Cheyenne Wyoming.See the map on page 605 and locate the rail heads 33. Frontier justice The cattle drive continued fro 1866-1888 34. The Railroad and what other factors killed the Long Drive? Winter of 1886-1887 35. As a result the stockmen did what to save his livelihood? Wyoming Stock Growers Association The cowboy folklore lives on. Study the map and caption story and reality on page 603. The Farming Frontier (Page 606) Note the DBQ The Farmers Movement, 1870-1900 on page A118. 36. Sodbuster 37. The Homestead Act of 1862 allowed a settler to acquire How was this Act different from previous policy? Why did the Homestead Act often turn out to be a Cruel Hoax? 38. How did railways play a major role in the development of the agricultural West? Marketing of crops RR induced people to buy cheap land (Propaganda) 39. The myth of the great American Desert What does the author mean? 40. 100th meridian and its significance? John Wesley Powell director of the U. S. Geological Survey warned in 1874 See Average Annual foolhardiness map on page 610. Locate the 100th meridian line. Drought 1887-1892 41. Dry farming and its future consequences? Winter wheat from 42. Joseph F.Glidden (1874) and his contribution 43. Irrigation systems. One should note the consequences of this damming of the rivers in Marc Reisners classic book Cadillac Desert. The American West and its Disappearing Water. The Far West Comes of Age (Page 608) 44. What was the motive of the Republican Congress of 1888-90? 45. What held up do from becoming a state until 1896? 46. Sooners Boomers Sooner State (1889) The Fading Frontier (Page 610) 47. What was the significance of the watershed date-1890? 48. Frederick Jackson Turner The Significance of the Frontier in American History (1920) 9. National Parks, Yellowstone (1872) Yosemite, Sequoia (1890) 50. Safety-valve theory You should be able to restate this in your own words, and give reasons for its cogency. The author suggests that the safety valve of the late 19th century was Some validity? Study the chart Homestead from Public Lands on page 611. Real safety valve in late 19th century was in western cities Study the chart 51. In this last section the authors sets in motion a thesis based upon the trans-Mississippi West as a unique area. Note how they bring in diversity and a blend of cultures. Native American Anglo culture Hispanic culture Asian-American What other factors do they bring to his position? Environment molds Social Political American imagination Federal government role in the West Do you agree? Look at VI. Below Expanding Viewpoints and see how historians Turner and White disagree. These thoughts are expanded also on page 622 Was the West Really Won? Do you jazz their thesis? The Farm become a Factory (Page 612) 52. The situation American farmers, once the jacks-and- jills-of- all-trades, were rapidly changing. (A thesis) Note the support for this thesis below Can you appoint the causes and the effects? Place a (C) for causes and a (E) for effects and be able to defend your position. Cash crops wheat or corn Cogs-tied to Had to buy expensive machinery agreement of blame m echanization of agriculture (farm as factory) 53. The reformer Henry George Progress and Poverty (See pages 579) description of agricultural California. Deflation Dooms the Debtor (Page 609) 54. One crop economy has a written in danger, to understand what follows is to understand this danger. World Market and its influences 55.Know how low prices and a deflated currency caused trouble for the farmer North, South and West. If youre not sure ask in class. 56. What is a static money supply? What results? 57. What was the vicious cycle the farmers were caught in? farm machinery increased production step-up of grain lowered the price Farmers thus became deeper in debt 58. What were the effects on the farmers? Mortgage default Farm tenancy rather than ownership Sharecropping in the South New industrial feudalism Unhappy Farmers (Page 613) Farmers faced many problems and grievances See the poster and caption The Farmers Grievances on page 615. 59. Effects of spirit on the farmers Insects Floods, erosion drought Expensive fertilizers 60. Effects of government on the farmers Local, state, national gouged the farmers Land overassessed taxes High protective tariffs 61. Effects of corporations on farmers At the grace of Trusts Harvester, barbed wire, fertilizer trusts Middleman cut Mercy of the grain warehouses, elevators and railroads. 62. Effects of the railroad on farmers Freight rates Difficulty to protest, RR operators revenge. 63.Why were the farmers unorganized? self-supporting Individualistic 64. Restriction of production was forced by the Federal government during the Great depression under Franklin Roosevelts New Deal. See Paying Farmers Not to Farm, pages 783. The Farmers Take Their Stand (Page 615) For an overview of this movement see Fast snub To A 5, pages 219-222 The Growth of Discontent Farmers Organize 65. Greenback movement in 1868 demanded 66. National Grange (1867) organized by Oliver H. Kelley. 67. First objective of the Grange Social Economic Fraternal activities 68. Next goal of the Grange Economic Coop. stores, grain elevators and warehouses Manufacture of harvesters 69. Grange political goals State legislation of RR rates, shred storage fees Granger laws defeated Wabash decision, 1886. See page 538. The Supreme Court ruled that individual states had no power to regulate interstate commerce. Later (1887) the congress passed the Interstate Commerce Act that created the Interstate Commerce Commission which forbade railroads from some of their wrongdoings. 70. Greenback Labor party (goals) James B. Weaver (Greenback Labor Party) ran in the presidential election of 1880, against (James A.Garfield (Rep) and Winfield S Hancock (Dem) he polled only 3% of the popular vote. See page A59. Note that Weaver again run for President with the Populist (Peoples) Party in 1892 and won over a million popular votes and 22 electoral votes. See pages 523-24. Prelude to Populism (Page 61 3) Also see Fast Track To A 5, pages 221-24. The Populist Party. Also see Mr. Sowards handout Pictotext 34 The Farmers Seek a New political Party Read the text and turn to the pictures Highlights of the Populist Platform. 71. Farmers Alliance goals What weakened the Alliance? Ignored 72.Colored Farmers National alliance (1880) History of racial division and divide and rule. 73. The emergence of the Peoples Party (Populists) What were their goals? It is very important to know these goals as they set you up to understand the great reforms that were to follow. Nationalize the Graduated Create federal Subtreasury submit and measureless coinage 74. William Hope Harvey and his pamphlet Coins Financial School (1894) His goal was for what? 75. Ignatius Donnelly of Minnesota a Populist Congressman. Mary Elizabeth Lease (1853-1933) Raise little Corn and more Hell. See the picture and caption on page 616. Standing almost six feet tall, she spoke passionately on behalf of t he downtrodden farmers and challenged them to unite to improve their condition. Her legendary speeches could mesmerize an audience for two or three hours. You may call me an anarchist, a socialist, or a communist, I care not, but I hold to the theory that if one man has not enough to eat three times a day and another has $25 million, that last man has something that belongs to the first. By 1890 she backed the Populist Party and traveled West and South, stirring up support for the third party. Let the old political parties know that the raid is over, she exhorted, and that monopolies, trusts, and combines shall be relegated t Hades. The Gilded Age, Janette T. Greewood,Oxford U. Press, page 140 The other major political parties began to pay attention to Populist issues. See James B. Weaver in the election of 1892. . Coxeys Army and the Pullman Strike (Page 614) Before your study of Coxeys Army and its significance, one might want to make the connection with other rebellions in A merican history and see what their origins were and note any similarities. See Andros Rebellion (1689) page 53. Bacons Rebellion (1676) page 68. Leislers Rebellion (1689-91) page 82. capital of Oregon Witch Trials (1692-3) page 79-80. Paxton Boys (1764) page 88. (Also see Benjamin Franklin, Walter Isaacson, pp. 210-14. ) Shayss Rebellion (1786) page 176. Whiskey Rebellion (1794) page 196. Bonus Army (1932) page 766. 76. The misgiving of 1893 (This lasted from 1893-1894), followed by the ash gray Campaign Depression 1895-98 77. The goals of General Jacob S. Coxey (1894) Study the photograph and caption Coxeys Army Enters the District of Columbia, 1894 on page 617.Coxeys acquisition 78. Pullman Strike of 1894. See the picture and caption on page 618. Eugene V. Debs, American Railway Union Union Grievances 79. Governor Peter Altgeld Vs. Att. Gen. Richard Olney. President Clevelands stance. 80. What is a Federal Court Injunction? 81. What was the unholy alliance bet wixt business and the courts? What was the significance of this belief? Golden McKinley and Silver Bryant (Page 618) 82. Election of 1896. Conservatives feared class upheaval. Discontented farmers and workers looked for political salvation. 83.Marcus Alonzo Hanna of Ohio a President Maker. Hannas ideology Prime function of government Prosperity trickled down to labor 84. Republican Platform favored Gold elective incapacity and the economic hard times of the Panic of 1896 Continued protective tariff Study cartoon and caption Crying for Protection, 1898 on page 619). 85. Democratic Convention July 1896. Refusal to endorse President Cleveland. 86. William Jennings Bryant of Nebraska gave the stirring speech Cross of Gold speech. See the picture and caption on page 621 and the cartoon and caption The Sacrilegious Candidate. Having behind us the producing masses of this nation and the world, supported by the commercial interests, the laboring interests and the toilers everywhere, we will answer their demand for a gold modular by saying to them You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold. Bryan was propose by the Democratic party. 87. Democratic Platform favored Inflation (unlimited coinage of silver 16 oz to 1 88. A number of Democratic Gold Bugs remaining the Party 89. The Populist Party dilemma The Populist Party endorsed Bryan for president, the so called Demo-Pop party. Class Conflict Plowholders versus Bondholders (Page 620) 90. Why were some people fearful of the Free Silver issue? 91. How did the dirty tricks (Stop Bryan, Save America crusade)work in favor of the big industrialists? 92. McKinley triumphed 93. The authors make the point the the free-silver election of 1896 was the most significant political turning point since Lincolns victories in 1860 and 1864. What evidence do they give? Eastern wage earners voted for jobs Wage earners had no reason to favor inflation yield of the election was a victory for big business, big cities, middle class values and financial conservatives. Last real effort to win the Presidency with for the most part agrarian votes. 94. Republicans held on to the White House from 1896 to 1912 when Democrat Woodrow Wilson was elected. 95. Republican dominance in 1896 gave the death knell of the Gilded Age political party system. See map and caption Presidential Election of 1896 on page 623. Diminishing voter participation Weakening of political organizations Fading of money,and civil service reform issues Replaced by Issues of industrial regulation and welfare for labor (The 4th Party system) Read carefully the footnote at the bottom of page 623 dealing with the 5 party systems, it is important to understand these party systems, as it will make more sense as we move ahead to the study of F. D. Roosevelts New Deal (5th party system) and R. M. Nixons election of 1968-the 6th party system? Did we enter a 7th party system with George W. Bush? Republican Stand-pattism Enthroned (Page 623) 96. Republican conservative approach Shy away from issues of reform Business and trusts given free reign Dingley responsibility Bill (1897) It is important to look at the Tariff Chart in the Appendix (A55) Look at the Tariff of 1828 and then up to the Dingley Tariff (1897) Note the North American Free Trade commensurateness (N. A. F. T. A. ) (1993). As we continue our studies and explore other tariffs please refer to this chart. 97. Gold Standard Act of 1900 provided 98. How did nature and science provide for inflation? Cause and effect The return of prosperity after 1897 and new discoveries in Alaska and elsewhere effectively ended the free silver agitation and the domination of the money problem in American politics. Study the chronology on page 624.IV. Thought Provokers (Or for class discussion) 1. Why has the Plains Indians resistance to white encroachment played such a large part in the popular American view of the West? How is that mythical past related to the Indians actual history? 2. What was romantic about the final phases of frontier settlement, and what was not? 3. Why was the passing of the frontier in 1890 a disturbing development for many Americans? Was the frontier more important as a particular place or as an idea? 4. Was the federal government biased against farmers and workers in the late ninetieth century? Why or why not? . Was McKinleys election really a conservative one, or was it Bryan and the Populists who represented the agrarian past resisting a progressive urban American future? V. Makers of America The Plains Indians (Questions for class discussion) 1. Compare the Plains Indians history and culture, especially before the coming of the whites, to that of the Iroquois (Chapter 2). How does this comparison prove the assertion that the cultures of various Indian peoples differ greatly? 2. In what ways did the Plains Indians e arn by the transformation of their way of life brought about by the horse?In what ways were they harmed? VI. Expanding the Varying Viewpoints Frederick Jackson Turner, Significance of the Frontier in American History (1893) A view of the West as a place permanently shaping the formerly European American character (His thesis) The existence of an area of free land, its continuous recession, and the advance of American settlement westward explain American development. This perennial rebirth, this fluidity of American life, this expansion westward with its opportunities, its continuous touch with the simplicity of primitive society, furnish the forces dominating American character.In this advance, the frontier is the outer edge of the wavethe meeting point between savagery and civilization. Richard White, The Middle Ground (1991) A view of the West as the product of the interaction of whites and Indians (His thesis) (The West) is not a traditional world each seeking to maintain it self unchanged or eroding under the pressure of whites. It is a joint Indian-white creation. The real crisis came when Indians ceased to have power to force whites onto the middle ground. Then the desire of whites to dictate the terms of the accommodation could be given its head.Americans invented Indians and forced Indians to live with the consequences. VII. Questions about the Varying Viewpoints 1. What does each of these historians understand to be the essential characteristics of the West? 2. How does Whites assessment differ from Turners view of the frontier as a meeting point between savagery and civilization? 3. How would each of there historians interpret the Plains Indian wars and the confinement of Indians on reservations? VIII. Past A. P. Essay Questions from this area of study. 1.Ironically, popular belief in the independent farmer and the self-made man increased during the nineteenth century as the reality behind these beliefs faded. (1978) Assess the validity of this statement. 2. In what ways were the late nineteenth-century Populists the heirs of the Jacksonian Democrats with respect to overall objectives AND specific proposals for reform? (1989) 3. Although the economic development of the Trans-Mississippi West is popularly associated with hard individualism, it was in fact largely dependent on the federal government.Assess the validity of this statement with specific reference to western economic activities in the nineteenth century. (1991) 4. To what extent did the natural environment shape the development of the West beyond the Mississippi and the lives of those who lived and settled there? how important were other factors? DBQ (1992) Use BOTH evidence from the documents AND your knowledge of the period from the 1840s through the 1890s to compose your answer. 5. Analyze the economic consequences of the Civil War with respect to any TWO of the following in the United States between 1865 and 1880. (1997) AgricultureLabor Industrialization T ransportation (See Free Response Question 1997 booklet Rubric-Question 4, pages 53-62. ) 6. How were the Plains Indians in the second half of the nineteenth century affected by technological developments and government actions? (1999) 7. Ironically, popular belief in the self-sufficient farmer and the self-made man increased during the ninetieth century as the reality behind these beliefs faded (1978) Assess the validity of this statement. 8. Documents A-H reveal some of the problems that many farmers in the late nineteenth century (1880-1900) saw as threats to their way of life.Using the documents and your knowledge of the period, (a) explain the reasons for agrarian discontent and (b) evaluate the validity of the farmers complaints. The Populists. (1983 DBQ) Doing the DBQ pages 130-138 (A-H = 8 Docs. ) 9. Analyze the reasons for the emergence of the Populist movement in the late nineteenth century. (1995) 10. Analyze the ways in which technology, government policy, and economic conditions changed agriculture in the period 1865 1900. DBQ (2007) In your answer be sure to evaluate farmers responses to these changes.

Rene Descartes and a discription Essay

Rene Descartes (1596-1650) was not just a philosopher but besides a mathematician and scientist. As a philosopher, he used skepticism as a baseborns of finding the truth of all. His idea was to disbelieve everything, and in doubting everything, whateverthing that couldnt be doubted was definite. I leave doubt everything that git possibly be doubted, he reasons, and if anything is left, then it will be absolutely certain. (Moore/Bruder 93) This, Descartes felt was the only way to obtain truth and knowledge.This mode was to take away all the confidence in everything that was taught to us, what we sense and believe, and the things we take as being obvious. To truly determine if we know anything is for certain we must doubt it all disregarding all we knew about it before. So everything we currently believe is open to discussion and washbowl be questi bingled. Descartes Method of Doubt incorporated devil well-known conjectures, a stargaze conjecture and the evil demon conjectu re. What the dream conjecture is, is the notion that everything that is reality might just be a dream.Adding to the dream conjecture, is the evil demon conjecture. This evil demon conjecture, in essence, is the concept that if this all reality, is just a dream, then perhaps there is an evil demon that is deceiving our minds with these insincere images of reality. So, we bungholet assume that our bodies or that anything of our experience follows and can be trusted to be avowedly. For everything we know could be just a dream and not real at all and controlled by a deceiver. No, Descartes was not out of his mind. He was aware that these two conjecture he composed sounded far-fetched.However, that was the whole point. Descartes was on a quest to find certainty in an any-case-possibility. What Descartes came up with after going through and doubting everything was the cogito, ergo sum or I think, accordingly I am. What this meant was if you are thinking, you are existing. The self t hat doubts its own existence must surely exist to be able to doubt in the first place. (Moore/Bruder 93) Subsequently, this was the only true thing we can know to be real. We know that we exist at least in a form of a mind.So we can doubt our physical existence but not our mental existence because you can think. To take this a step further he developed the square away and decided test. The clear and distinct test was a test to find out what was true with clarity and distinctness. Meaning, anything that is clear and distinct is true. Using this clear and distinct test, Descartes came to the conclusion that theology, in fact, exists. Descartes believed he viewed god clearly and distinctively, and further, perfection would not let an evil demon toy with his mind, if such a thing did exist.Descartes also thought that there were two distinct agencys beyond God, and these two substances were material substance and mind substance. The material substance was all that exists and occu pies space and the mind substance is that of thought. Because a substance, according to Descartes, requires nothing other than itself to exist, it follows that mind and matter are totally independent of each other. (Moore/Bruder 95) The result to these two substances being independent of each other is called parallelism.The mind, they argued, does not really cause the body to move. When I will that my hand should move, my act of willing only appears to cause my hand to move. (Moore/Bruder 97)Descartes felt that God was the one who was involved in the mental things that happened and the sequence of material actions. He believed God was the reason those two things happened to happen together. This idea was called occasionalism. Descartes was first to make this systematic account of the mind and body relationship, and also the souls contact with the body. (Rorty).Descartes essentially through everything, approached all metaphysical issues by going back and essay to pick apart every thing about the basic things. Descartes tried to discover metaphysical truth about what is through epistemological inquiry about what can be know. (Moore/Bruder 97) The profit of Descartes ideas is that in the dismissal of everything makes you question and look at elements that may be overlooked because it is human to draw on experience. So, to clear oneself of all former(prenominal) beliefs leaves everything wide open for exploration and opens up a wider scope.The problem I find in his distinct and clear theory is Descartes proof of Gods existence. In proving the existence of God he uses circular reasoning. This circular reasoning is called the Cartesian Circle. The Cartesian Circle is the circular reasoning that, on one hand, we can only know that God exists because we clearly and distinctively perceive it, and on the other hand, we can only know that our clear and distinct perceptions are true because God exits. (Loeb 200-235) This type of reasoning doesnt make any concrete con clusions on the existence of God.It just keeps going around in a circle, one right after the other. Descartes believe that only his perceptions could be deceived not his mind. So since God was good and perfect, he wouldnt allow him to be deceived, therefore God exists. To explain his ideas on the existence of God, Descartes states that if one can have an idea of a perfect being, which is God, then a perfect being must exist if we can think it in our minds. All of this to me, doesnt show any solid proof. Even though you can think something in your mind, doesnt mean it must exits.I can think lots of things in my mind personally, that doesnt necessary mean that somewhere, maybe not in the physical initiation I experience, truly exists. Also, if God did exists, and if God is perfect, as Descartes claims, then why does Atheism and such religious beliefs exist? Wouldnt perfection be if God could exist and not be questionable? Because what Descartes believes is all that we can perceive cl early and distinctively exists, and he had not given any way that explains how you can perceive God clearly and distinctively, other than stating he can perceive in his mind.Also, another thing that is a problem in Descartes method is his final stage of proving the existence of the outside world was not valid by any substantial means. There is no proof that any physical object exists out from a near universal belief that the external world exists. What Descartes says, is that since God makes us believe that there is an external world, then there must be one. However, there are lots of mistakes in his proof of God and it isnt truly valid. So, therefore we cannot say anything in this external world does exist or either God, based on the knowledge I have obtained on the subject matter on Descartes.From what I have read on Descartes and his philosophic ideas, there are many holes and things to argued as Im sure is in most theories. Nonetheless, even though his ideas arent entirely cr edible to myself, I feel that his contributions to the field of philosophy are eminent. Descartes had brought lots of old questions of past philosophers and tried to rationalize them, he failed in my opinion to come up with any competent answers for what he was trying to prove. However, he did prompt other philosophers in his progression to come up later with some better answers to some of these ideas.

Comparison of Women Characters in A Dollhouse and The Necklace

Both Nora of A dolls House and Mathilda of The Necklace, has been portrayed as dramatic characters that sustain the freedom pf incongruity. This inappropriateness in their characters enables them to become extra-ordinary characters.Their incongruity lies in the fact that both aspire an upward mobility i.e. a move into the higher societies.They ar prey to their circumstances as Mathilda suffered ceaselessly, feeling herself born for all the delicacies and all the luxuries. She suffered from the poverty of her dwelling, from the wretched look of the walls, from the worn-out ch transfers, from the ugliness of the curtains.(Maupassant) Mathilda only lets herself experience misfortunate only due to the fact that she thinks she deserves more in life than what she has. Nora too wants the luxuries of life.Both are victims of Victorian socio-cultural milieu and deterrent exampleity. Mathilda had to suffer from the burden of gratitude that she owes to her friend. Maupassant depicts the val ues of Victorian moral consciousness as Mathilda had ruined her life to replace the necklace.Ibsen has depicted a typical Victorian wife who is servile. She submits to her husbands harsh and normally acquiesces his will on sublunary decision-making. She has no objection on her servility as Victorian has socialized her so but her domestic unrest agonizes her.Both Maupassant and Ibsen have depicted the characters that have an air of immaturity about them as they are running behind illusions. Nora is depicted as a childish wife whereas Mathildas over-ambitiousness has blindfolded her to indulge in silly acts. This immaturity brings their ruination.

Heat of Combustion Lab Essay

There are many raises in the world and we use fuel e veryday in our life. However nearly fuels are very useful and some are not. Usually useful fuel means the fuel that is very efficient in a small amount. To know the efficiency of each material, we metric the c alludees of mass and temperature when we burn them. And we calculated changing energy by development the equation that we learned in the class by using our measurements. And we calculated the estrus of combustion to know the efficiency of the material. We also used the data folder value for the standard enthalpy of combustion of each material to get the errors in our experiment. Errors in our experiment were usually over 20 percent which is kinda large.Before we heated the water, we made the temperature of water below than 10C with tripe to see the changes of temperature more efficiently. If we just heated it in normal temperature practically(prenominal) as 20C, we couldnt see the changes of temperature well, and it could take more time to heat it. We also measure the changes of mass of material to see how much we burned.We deposit some ice in the water to sop up the initial temperature of water as lower than 10C. When the temperature decreased up to 10C, we took out ice from the water. After we took out the ice and fill the cylinder up to 200ml of water, the temperature was higher than 10C because the temperature of the water changed very quickly. We measured the temperature of water and then we hang the fire can on the hanger, so the temperature might increased again during we conform up all the experiment systems. So we should measure the temperature of water when we set up all the issues. For example we should measure it after we turn the light on the candle wax and hang the tin can on the hanger.We measured the final temperature to see the changes of the temperature. We blew out the candle when the temperature reaches 35C, and we measured the highest temperature reached as the final temperature. When the temperature reaches 35C, we quickly blew out the candle. However we are not entire as the machine so we might didnt blow out it when it reaches exactly 35C. Also it was difficult to measure the highest temperature of it after we blow it out. tied(p) though we kept watching it, the temperature changes so quickly, so our measurements are not correct 100%.In our experiment we didnt measure the mass of tin can. If we measure the mass of it, we could get more precise measurement compare to the standard enthalpy of combustion. Our errors are quite large, so I think angiotensin converting enzyme of reason is that we forgot the measure the mass of tin. So we should study and think more about the experiment before we do it. We could calculate how much heat we got by adding the changing energy of water and the changing energy of the tin can, if we measured the mass of can.At the end of the experiment, we measured the mass of candle to know how much of them were burned . During and after we blow out the candle, some of liquid were might evaporated. Such as ethanol and plainlyanol are volatile liquid, and the fact that the lamp was hot indicates that some of it would have evaporated. So they are burned and evaporated more after we measure the temperature. Another fact that we should consider is that not only the water was being heated, but also the thermometer, stirring rod and the tin can were also being heated. We should consider that they were also heated, so we should measure how much heat were used to heat them. Also some other heat would have been lost round the sides of the tin can, and from the water to the atmosphere. Due to our room temperature are different from the temperature of water.The good thing that we did in our experiment is that we made some office when we set up the large metal can to surround the candle. As we make some space under the large can by putting some flat cylinder under the can, the candle burned more quickly and well. If we didnt make the space for it, air might stuck in there so it would take more time to reaches up to 35C.

Does Gatsby love Daisy Essay

Does Gatsby love Daisy or the aura of wealth that she owns? The Great Gatsby is F. Scott Fitzgeralds masterpiece about various themes such as class, love and wealth. One of the themes highlighted is romantic affair between two main characters Jay Gatsby and Daisy Buchanan. Gatsby is clearly obsessed with Daisy, however, it is doubtful that those crocked feeling is a proof of love. This essay advocates that Gatsby does not love Daisy but the wealth she symbolizes. Firstly, wealth is the origin of Gatsbys obsession with Daisy. Gatsby believes he is the son of immortal (Fitzgerald 105) and struggles to civilize himself into a wealthy man. When he is a poor soldier, he meets Daisy, the first tenuous girl he has never met (Fitzgerald 158). Throughout the story, it is found that she is nice because she is the golden girl with the voice full of money (Fitzgerald 128).Gatsby equates Daisy with luxurious things around her (1) and is overwhelmingly aware of the youth and mystery that wealth imprisons and preserves, of the freshness of many wearing apparel and of Daisy, gleaming like silver, safe and proud above the hot struggles of the poor (Fitzgerald 160). He is retracted by her beauty but that beauty is also a consecrate of richness. From the beginning, the trigger of his love for Daisy is merely his worship of Daisys wealthy life. Moreover, Gatsby nurtures Daisys love for him by showering it only with his wealth and victory. He throws lots of big parties to attract Daisys attention. Additionally, after five years being separated from Daisy, what Gatsby worries about when he meets her is not whether she misses him but whether his mansion looks well and the first place he wants her to visit is his splendid house (2).He keeps showing off his belongings and asking Daisy to check whether she is impressed. When he revalues everything in his house according to the measure of answer it draws from her well-loved eyes (Fitzgerald 98), it is clear that Daisys recognitio n of his achievements concerns him the most and Gatsby overestimates the importance of material lovingness in his relationship with Daisy. In the end of the story, when Gatsby is willing to scarify his life-work and fame to compose Daisy from being a murderer, this event is argued to be an evidence of love.However, as he desires her in the same way he is in pursuit of the glory of success and Daisy is only a supreme object helping him to strengthen his achievements, the act of protecting her is merely to protect the thing he longs for in his whole life. To conclude, passion Gatsby has with Daisycannot be called love. His emotional obsession with her results from his mental obsession with material life. Besides, in Gatsbys belief, Daisys love is kept in existence by his behemoth property and what he does is just feed this love with money.Works CitedFitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. Ebook.

Belbin s Team Role Model Applications Essay

University of the Basque Country University of Hull Highfield House Consultancy abstract This paper brings together search into and using the aggroup economic consumption archetype developed by Belbin (1981, 1993a) in an attempt to furnish an exhaustive sagaciousness of construct boldness in visible radiation of the conflicting evidence so far produced. Role theory is used to contextualize the origins of the model. The psychometric properties of the Team Role Self-Perception Inventory used to assess a souls likely behaviour in a group up ar examined along with 43 empirical studies that stimulate tested notional associations among team character references and other cognitive or behavioural traits.While the evidence is mixed, we conclude that, on balance, the model and its accompanying Inventory leave adequate convergent validity. However, vehement associations among some team economic consumptions be observed, indicating weak discriminant validity among some sca les in the Inventory. Through its coverage of important areas of teamworking, the paper contributes to the practician and research communities by providing fresh insights into aspects of teamworking and by suggesting new research agendas.INTRODUCTIONEffective teamworking has become a basic concern for about organizations. While many factors influence a teams performance, considerable attention has been given to the influence of team member diversity in terms of roles played in a team. The team role model made popular by Meredith Belbin in relation to management teams (Belbin, 1981, 1993a) and available commercially through Belbin Associates (1988) is widely used in make and has featured extensively in research on teams at work. The model is used by many organizations including FTSE-100 companies, multinational agencies, government bodies and consultants and has been translated into 16 languages.This paper thus reviews the published research and assesses to what extent the model i s supported by the available evidence. Through its coverage of important areas of teamworking (conflict management, separateality traits, team performance, control and power) the paper contributes to the practitioner and research communities by providing fresh insights into aspects of teamworking and by suggesting new research agendas. We first consider the theoretical context for the team role model. Second, all substantive studies that provide psychometric evidence, relationships to psycheality factors and evidence for predictive validity are summarized, evaluated and contrasted. Finally, we discuss the validity of the model and consider the wider implications of our findings.ROLE THEORIES forward to the development of Belbins team role model (1981, 1993a) other roletheories had been put forward (Benne and Sheats, 1948 Graen, 1976 Graen and S chiffonierdura, 1987 Holland, 1985) although the models links to these and other role classifications (e.g. Davis et al., 1992 Margerison and McCann, 1990 Parker, 1990 Spencer and Pruss, 1992 Woodcock, 1989) are unclear. While a all-inclusive theoretical examination of the many alternative role theories and models is beyond the scope of this paper, it is important to establish a theoretical context for the team role model. The role concept can be viewed from dickens different perspectives. From an anthropological-sociological perspective it can be defined as a combination of values, attitudes and behaviour assigned to an unmarried who occupies a social military position (a location in a social network) associated with a specific social status (the functions assigned to that person).From this perspective, a role can be defined as the behaviour that a person displays in relation to his/her social position and social status (Linton, 1945). Secondly, from a psychosocial perspective, a role can be defined as the behaviour expected from an individual occupying a specific position (Biddle, 1979) such that the cognition and expected behaviour associated with the position are fundamentally important to success in the role (Katz and Kahn, 1978). This psychosocial perspective is adopted for the purposes of this review.Since Lewin created the Research Centre for Group Dynamics in 1944, two types of groups have been studied groups created to solve problems and groups preoccupied with individual development. This duality has brought about a distinction between so-called business roles and socio-emotional roles. In this light, Bales and S posterior (1955) studied science lab groups and concluded that there were significant differences between individuals concerned with solving tasks and individuals concerned with the social and emotional need of group members. People concerned with solving tasks were called task leaders whereas those concerned with emotional needs were called maintenance or socio-emotional leaders. Similarly, Benne and Sheats (1948) proposed a role behaviour classification describing 1 2 task roles and septet maintenance roles.Task-centred roles were concerned with the coordination of group problem solving activities, whereas maintenance roles were concerned with promoting group-centred behaviour. Both role types were thought necessary for a team to perform well. These theoretical antecedents formed the pillars of the development of the team role model (Belbin, 1981) as its general framework and the names of some team roles connect to these and other theories (Fisher et al., 2001a).Among theoretical models explaining how roles are acquired, a two-part classification can be made (Ilgen and Hollenbeck, 1991). First, there are role taking models that consider individuals as passive acceptors of the roles assigned to them by others (Graen, 1976). An instance is the role episode model (Katz and Kahn, 1978) where the role is defined by an interaction process between two people the person performing the role (the focal person) and another who holds a set of beliefs tha t constitute the role (the role sender). The role sender communicates a set of beliefs and the focal person assumes them. The second classification of role models sees subjects actively participating in the definition and development of their role. These models assume that individuals are much more active and motivated to possess roles that they can perform successfully.They are called role making models because the focal person actively attempts to influence the role sender as they try to build a role that pass on be acceptable to two of them. Graen and Scandura (1987) proposed the theory of dyadic organizing which integrated and extended Graens first proposal (1976). This theory describes how members of a team coordinate their activities to accomplish tasks that are not prescribed in their positions but fundamental for the effective functioning of the team.When a job role involves very predictable tasks, assigning individuals to roles is relatively easy. However, as work becomes more complex then so do the abilities required by individuals. The question is no longer about the abilities and k outrightledge a person should have for a specific job but is about predicting how a person bequeath behave in the work unit where the work will beperformed. In this sense, Holland (1985) proposed one of the first models that accounted for this individual context adjustment, suggesting that individuals and job environments can be classified into six different types realistic, conventional, enterpriser, social, elegant and intellectual. Each type is associated with specific activities and abilities possessed by individuals. A set of adjectives characterizes each type.For example, the intellectual type is described as analytical, cautious, critical, inquisitive, independent, pessimistic and reserved. For individuals to be successful and satisfied in a job, their personal abilities, interests and personality traits should adjust with the requirements, rewards and interp ersonal relations offered by the job consistent with individual job adjustment theory. Holland (1985) proposed that an individual may display attributes of more than one type and as well as that there are compatible and incompatible types for example, intellectual and artistic types are more compatible than artistic and conventional types. Belbins team role model can be linked to these role theories and role classifications.We now turn to review the literature on the team role model, drawing upon studies using the Team Role Self Perception Inventory (TRSPI) through which it is operationalized. We also review team role assessment using personality questionnaires and empirical studies that have explored the theoretical network of team role constructs in an attempt to fall apart understand how individual team role preference is related to the behavioural definition of team roles as well as to other areas of teamwork behaviour.As with most role theories, Belbins model is not preoccupi ed with the roles (behavioural patterns) per se but with the ways in which the roles develop, change and interact with other patterns of behaviour over time. The modelwas proposed after a nine-year study of team building and team effectiveness with management teams taking part in an executive management exercise (Lawrence, 1974). Prior to participating in the exercise, individuals completed Cattells 16PF personality questionnaire and Watson Glasers Critical Thinking Appraisal. For each management team an observer recorded group processes base upon Bales (1950) interactive process analysis and reported their observations.Successful and less successful teams were analysed in terms of their members personalities and in terms of their critical thinking abilities. Analyses were then crossreferenced with observers reports and, as a result, eight team roles were proposed. The initial categorization of team roles was therefore ground on assessments of team members personalities, critical thinking abilities and a behavioural checklist. The hardly empirical evidence of the early analysis order of battleed a positive correlation between performance predictions based on team role composition and tangible performance across 22 teams (Belbin et al., 1976, p. 26).The eight role model was introduced (Belbin, 1981) and a team role was defined as a pattern of behaviour singularity of the way in which one team member interacts with another in order to facilitate the progress of the team as a whole. Names and descriptive adjectives for each of the eight team roles were also included. In 1993 some team roles were renamed and a ninth role added. Descriptions of each role are given in appendage 1. In this model a role is defined by six factors personality, mental ability, current values and motivation, field constraints, experience, and role learning. However, Belbin did not show how much of the variance in a team role is explained by each factor.In keeping with others (Benne and Sheats, 1948 Torrington et al., 1985), Belbin defends the idea that high performing teams need to have a balanced representation of all team roles. The team role balance hypothesis assumes that if all team roles are present in a team then it will perform better than other teams without the balance. Belbin also considers that the team role concept (a preference to behave in a particular proposition way with other team members while performing tasks) should be distinguished from the concept of functional role which refers to the technical skills and operational knowledge relevant to the job. Consequently, some(prenominal) people mayhave the same functional role but vary greatly in their natural team role(s).Belbin also stresses the link between the stages of a teams development and the need for different team roles to dominate at different stages. Six different stages of development are proposed (1) identifying needs (2) finding ideas (3) formulating plans (4) making ideas (5) e stablishing team organization and (6) following through. In the early stages team roles like Shaper and Co-ordinator will be most needed, whereas in the later stages Completer-Finishers and Implementers make higher contributions.Operationalizing the ModelThe team role model is ideally operationalized through a self-perception inventory and through observers assessments to give a rounded assessment of a persons team role. The original Team Role Self Perception Inventory (TRSPI-8R) was hand-scored such that respondents computed their own profile. This mutation was later circumscribed to embody the nine role model (TRSPI-9R) and for this version respondents profiles are generated by the Interplace computer package. Since it was never intended that the TRSPI should be the only input to exploring a persons team role, an Observer Assessment Sheet (OAS) was also designed to be used by work colleagues who could make an informed judgement based on their knowledge of the person. The OAS sho uld be used alongside the TRSPI although in many situations only the inventory is used. Details of the scoring procedures for these instruments are given in Appendix 2.The second way of assessing team roles is derived from personality questionnaires equations to derive team roles have been developed in conjunction with personality questionnaire publishers. In particular, Cattells Sixteen temper Factor Questionnaire (16PF Cattell et al., 1970) and the Occupational Personality Questionnaire (OPQ Saville et al.,1992) have been used (see Dulewicz, 1995).Reviewing the EvidenceThis review draws upon 43 substantive studies of the team role model using the TRSPI, OAS and personality inventories. A table showing the purpose of each study, its aims, instruments and sample used along with the key findings is available from the first author. Psychometric evidence. Eight studies have analysed the psychometric properties of the TRSPI and two have reported results from the OAS. Initial evaluation s were critical (Furnham et al., 1993a, 1993b Broucek and Randell, 1996) and one study arrived at mixed conclusions (Beck et al., 1999). Recent studies have been more supportive of the TRSPIs reliability and mental synthesis (Swailes and McIntyre-Bhatty, 2002, 2003). Since the first criticism of the TRSPI (Furnham et al., 1993a), other researchers have raised concerns about the statistical properties of the original inventories as well as their theoretical basis (Broucek and Randell, 1996). An important paying back affecting psychometric evaluation of the TRSPI stems from its ipsative nature which is outlined in Appendix 2. Evidence for the TRSPI. Furnham et al. (1993a) reported low reliability values for three different versions of the TRSPI.Correlations between team roles were different for a normatively scored (Likert scale) version (M = 0.36) and the original ipsative version (M = -0.29). Factor structures were also different for normative values (two well-defined task and soc ioemotional factors) and for ipsative scoring (four bipolar factors). Both Senior (1998) and Beck et al. (1999), in their respective exploratory factor analyses, also reported an underlying four factor structure for the ipsative version of the TRSPI. However, the ipsative design of the TRSPI was reckon and any comparison of forms should recognize that transforming the ipsative structure of the instrument may alter its nature. (See Belbin (1993b) for a rebuke of the normative version.) In the ipsative form the average interscale correlation will be negative (Meade, 2004) whereas in a normative form scales are allowed to correlate freely. In this context, Furnham et al. (1993a) raised concerns about the theoretical basis of the inventory and a lack of evidence for its psychometric properties, noting that the test was neither theoretically nor empirically derived as Belbin developed his team role typology based on observatory and inductive, earlier than theoretically deductive means (p. 247) with a limited sample of 78 managers.Similarly, Broucek and Randell (1996) raised concerns about the internal consistency and discriminant validity of the TRSPI and the OAS. They also noted that both tests could not be considered as parallel forms of the same construct. The average correlation between team roles was 0.27 for ipsative scoring and 0.42 for normative scoring higher correlations were expected from the self-reported entropy collected by both tests. Similarly, Senior and Swailes (1998) also reported that both TRSPI and OAS did not show high convergent validity as only volt team roles showed significant correlations with an average of 0.27. Broucek and Randell (1996) also reported that different correlations were found between the normative and ipsative versions of the TRSPI and the NEO-PI-(R) personality scale although 8 out of 19 predictions for the ipsative version and 14 out of 19 for the normative version were correctly hypothesized.Different correlation va lues were taken as dramatic evidence of the type of anguish which use of an ipsative instrument produces (p. 401). Similarly, Fisher et al. (1996) looked at the correspondence between the TRSPI and 16PF and found low correlation values on the validity diagonal. Broucek and Randell also tested the discriminant validity of the OAS against the NEO-PI (R) Big Five personality factors, although Fisher et al. (2001a, pp. 1256) noted that such analysis was dependent on the orthogonality of the personality factors and, as far as the factors have been found to be oblique (Costa and McCrae, 1992), any conclusion regarding the discriminant validity of the OAS should be taken cautiously.

Ethical Issues in Social Research Essay

Ethics is a part of e really community and is entwined in every aspect of insouciant living, however the meaning of ethics or what is ethical differs. Ethics is commonly associated with exampleity and Websters New world Dictionary defines ethical as conformist to the standards of conduct of a given profession or group. Knowing what a particular society considers ethical and unethical is what contributes to living successfully in that society. This is the said(prenominal) for researchers researchers need to be aware of what is considered ethical and unethical conduct of scientific inquiry. From the time immediately after World contend II until the early 1990s, thither was a gradually developing consensus about the key ethical principles that should underlie the research endeavor two events stand out as symbolic of this consensus. The Nuremberg War Crimes Trial following World War II brought to public view the ways German scientists had used captive military man subjects as subj ects in oft gruesome experiments. In the 1950s and 1960s, the Tuskegee Syphilis Study involved the withholding of known effective treatment for syphilis from Afri stool-American participants who were infected.Events like these forced the redirect examination of ethical standards and the gradual development of a consensus that potential tender-hearted subjects needed to be protected from being used as guinea pigs in scientific research. There are several reasons why it is important to adhere to ethical norms in research. First, norms call down the aims of research, such as knowledge, truth, and avoidance of error. For example, prohibitions against fabricating, falsifying, or misrepresenting research selective discipline promote the truth and avoid error. Second, since research often involves a great deal of cooperation and coordination among many different people in different disciplines and institutions, ethical standards promote the values that are essential to collaborative w ork, such as trust, accountability, mutual respect, and fairness. For example, many ethical norms in research, such as guidelines for authorship, copyright and patenting policies, data share policies, and confidentiality rules in peer review, are designed to protect intellectual property interests while encouraging collaboration.Most researchers want to receive credit for their contributions and do non want to have their ideas stolen or disclosed prematurely. Third, many of the ethical norms help to ensure that researchers can be held accountable to the public. For instance, federal policies on research misconduct, conflicts of interest, the human subjectsprotections, and animal care and use are necessary in order to set sure that researchers who are funded by public money can be held accountable to the public. Fourth, ethical norms in research also help to build public support for research. People are more plausibly to fund research project if they can trust the quality and int egrity of research. Finally, many of the norms of research promote a variety of other important moral and friendly values, such as amicable responsibility, human rights, and animal welfare, compliance with the law, and health and safety.Ethical lapses in research can significantly harm human and animal subjects, students, and the public. For example, a researcher who fabricates data in a clinical trial may harm or even kill patients and a researcher who fails to abide by regulations and guidelines relating to radiation or biological safety may jeopardize his health and safety or the health and safety of staff and students. We cant solve our social problems until we understand how they come about, persist. neighborly science research offers a way to examine and understand the operation of human social affairs. It provides points of view and technical procedures that uncover things that would otherwise escape our awareness. Often, as it goes, things are not what they seem social sc ience research can make that clear.Social research is often seen as an intrusion to people, as it is seen as a disruption in their normal daily activities. Social research examines a societys attitudes, assumptions, beliefs, trends, stratifications and rules. Social research obtains personal information about people, information that might not be known by the people closest to them. The information obtained can then be revealed to other people such as lawyers and doctors and in the case of lawyers this information can then be revealed to their clients in that locationfore social researchers like to believe that the research will help all humanity. Popular topics of social research include poverty, racism, class issues, sexuality, voting behavior, gender constructs, policing and criminal behavior. investigate can be conducted using surveys, reports, observation, questionnaires, focus groups, historical accounts, personal diaries and census statistics.There are two types of research qualitative research and quantitative research. soft research is inductive, meaning the researcher creates hypotheses andabstractions from collected data. Most data is collected via words or pictures and mostly from people. Researchers are interested in how people make sense of their lives and in the research process itself. Quantitative research is the complete opposite and most often involves numbers and set data. Quantitative data is expeditious but focuses only on the end result, not the process itself, as qualitative research does. Quantitative data is precise and is often the result of surveys or questionnaires. Voluntary participation is a major principle of research ethics and the similar applies to social research.Everyone combat-ready should do so voluntary and should not be forced in any way. Participants should also be informed that there is no reward for participating in the research and they will not be penalized if they do not want to participate. Voluntary parti cipation does however, raise scientific concerns, a major one being generalization. This is said because it is believed that only people with the same personality or same traits would volunteer to participate in a particular research therefore the results will not apply to the population as a whole.There are instances where the researcher will not reveal they are doing a research because they will not want the subjects to be touched in terms of not wanting to participate. In these instances the subjects dont get to chose if they want to participate, therefore the researcher has to ensure that they do not ask any harm to the subjects they are studying. Harm can be defined as both physical and psychological. There are two standards that are use in order to help protect the privacy of research participants. Almost all research guarantees the participants confidentiality they are assured that identifying information will not be made available to anyone who is not directly involved in t he study. The stricter standard is the principle of anonymity which essentially means that the participant will remain anonymous throughout the study even to the researchers themselves. The need to protect the subjects has been in part to violations against subjects by medical researchers, like the experiments performed on prisoners of war by Nazi researchers in World War II. Social research should never harm the subjects, no matter if it is voluntary or not. Social researchers should ensure that their research will in no way embarrass subjects or endanger their family life, jobs or anyone else they are associated with.Social researchers have an obligation to protect their subjects, therefore they have to ask the subjects very personal questions about their behavior, income or anything else that may personal agony or harm to the subject. It is because of this that all participants must be informed of the risks involved in participating in research projects. Social researchers shoul d also be careful when writing books or articles about their studies because the subjects often read the books or articles and if they see themselves in a negative way. The key to research whether it is, voluntary participation or avoiding harm, is sensitivity to the issues being researched and experience with applicants. Even when clear ethical standards and principles exist, there will be times when the need to do accurate research runs up against the rights of potential participants. No set of standards can possibly anticipate every ethical circumstance. Furthermore, there needs to be a procedure that assures that researchers will consider all relevant ethical issues in formulating research plans.

The War Of Northern Aggression

Since the end of the American Civil war it has long been thought of as a war of freedom. The victorious Union declared that they were exciteing to free the slaves in the southwest. However, in fact, the Civil War was actually a major breaking point in American History beca engagement it was really a power struggle mingled with the old and the new. The new, just as it had done in the previous generations, was permutation the old and was using so cal lead justice as its spearhead.This division, based upon several distinct factors, led to encroach and sectionalism within the uncouth and ultimately started a war. The southerly states eventually seceded from the Union because of differences in heathen refinement, political beliefs, and authority. Culturally, the South and the due north were almost al centerings at odds. However, it didnt escalate into a stark matter until the admission of California and a growing inte relaxation method in the West.This expansion created the que stion of whether or not bondage was allowed in the West, and although many people thought that the conflict was solved with the Missouri Compromise, they were unhappily mistaken (just ask the Native Americans and how compromises worked out with them). The truth of the matter was that the majority of Northerners didnt really condole with if the South had slaves or not in the beginning. Odds are that the institution of slavery would had died out besides with no need for a war.However, if the nation was expanding and growing into a respectable country around the world, slavery was what many people believed was holding America back. This created tensions between the North and the South which often led to unpeaceful encounters such as the raid on Harpers Ferry led by conjuration Br take, as salubrious as violent disputes in the West, particularly in Kansas, over popular sovereignty which eventually led to the nickname Bleeding Kansas. With industrialism circulating in the North a nd new ties being made between the North and the West due to advancements in railroads and transportation, along came with it a sense of superiority.The North was advancing along with the West, and the sloshed South with all its impurities and old-fashioned traditions was holding the nation back. Although, what many Northerners couldnt comprehend is that slavery was a necessary evil in the South. Slavery, along with technological advancements such as the cotton gin and short-staple cotton, were the important reasons for an influx of wealth in the region. In short, the livelihood of many Southerners was based on slavery and with the expansion in the West, and the question of slavery in the West, there was definite reason for Southerners to feel threatened.If people would fight to keep it contained then they would eventually fight to abolish it. In fact, in an excerpt from a run-in given by Albert Brown he states that, The Northerners hate us now, and they teach their children in t heir schools and churches to hate our children. The John Brown raid, the burning of Texas, the stealthy tread of abolitionists among us, will report the tale. The North is accumulating power, and it means to use that power to emancipate your slaves (Doc 2).This not lone(prenominal) gives an example of how many Southerners felt threatened and infuriated only also shows the division of the country due to a prodding Northern agenda. Actually, in an excerpt from Jefferson Davis he said just that. He stated that, Sectional hostility manifested in hostile legislation by states and raids of organized bodies sustained by Contributions of Northern Society furnish to us sufficient cause, which fundamentally means that Northern Society was backing Southern Society into a corner (Doc 7).Politically, the division between the two sections of the country was much greater than their already distant cultures. In fact, in the 1860 presidential resource the popular vote was almost split right down the middle between the Northern Republican, Lincoln, and the Southern Democrat, Douglas. Not only was it divided in numbers but as well as the antithetical sections of the country almost exactly (Doc 4).In fact, during the presidential campaign in 1860 the Republican party stated that, we revoke the authority of Congress, of a territorial legislature, or of any individuals, to give legal existence to slavery in any territory of the United States whereas the Democratic party stated that, all citizens of the United States have an allude right to settle with their property in the Territory, without their rights, either of person or property being stricken (Doc 1), ultimately showing the reader the different opinions held by each half of the country.This gradual disunion of the country and its regime eventually led to a series of events, including the repeal of the Missouri Compromise and such abolitionist literary works as Uncle Toms Cabin, that started a war. In a passage writt en by George Templeton he reassured this when he said that, we might have forgotten it had not Douglas undertaken to get Southern votes by repealing the Missouri Compromise. That was the final blow (Doc 5). Despite the cultural and political differences of the war, to many people, it was about honor and integrity. The South felt as though the North had no right to tell it what it can and cannot do, and rightly so. Who were they to tell Southerners that after ages of building up their own Southern society and culture, they had to tear it down and conform to the rest of the country and its own beliefs and practices? In theory, the real reason behind the war was authority, and who exactly had it.Whether or not it was the pressure from the Federal Government to take control, or it was the states themselves who craved freedom from the government, or a conspiracy of both didnt matter because it was too far-gone at that point. However, the truth of the matter was summed up by a quotation from the Pittsburgh Press when it stated that, The Republicans claim the right to make a code of laws for the South, not only in the States, but in the Territories (Doc 3).This gives us the basis for what the war was truly about, which was the right to protect oneself and their way of life. So in conclusion, the Southern states seceded due to large differences in culture, politics, and faulty authority. This gave way to one of the bloodiest wars this country has ever seen with over half a million deaths on its own soil between its own countrymen. This tragedy led to resentment between both sections of the country, but allowed for the reestablishment of the Union to commence, giving way to the pedestal of our present, somewhat unified country.

Motivational Interviewing Essay

The Motivational Interviewing and Stages of Change approach is complementary to the cultural set of Native American people and emphasizes listening, learning, and respect. Addictions in this day and time can be contributed to numerous factors and take every ethnicity of people. Substance addiction has redden affected the smallest ethnicity of people, Native Americans since their encounter with white people. Motivational Interviewing (MI) has even processed Native Americans through and through counselors learning and implementing the techniques.Even though clients ar naturally resistant to change, utilizing the three pillars atomic number 18 very effective in helping even Native American people because expressing empathy shows that you cargon and underdeveloped variety between clients present appearances and values & beliefs. Counselors today need to be clever in MI and cross culturally trained also to better serve individuals. I would through MI be empathic and express it through reflective listening, paraphrase what I hear from the client, exact them let me go through if I am hearing you correctly, You are saying.., I would communicate respectfully with the client, be supportive and establish a non-judgmental therapeutic relationship with the client.There are some coarse CBT techniques alone with homework assignments to help deal with the shame and embarrassment that a client is feeling more or less their substance use or other problems that are going on. CBT can be self spill with positive statements to themselves, daily mood and thought record and etc. There are so many techniques that can be utilized with MI to help a client even through shame. As a counselor, I will utilize the following principles known also as pillars with MI to help set off my clients expressing empathy through reflective listening, developing dissension between clients present behavior and values & beliefs, rolling with resistance by avoiding arguments & confrontation also adjust to the resistance, and last support self-efficacy by affirming clients strengths and allowing freedom and choice. First pillar that would be utilized is expressing empathy. Expressing empathy means to understand my client, know and respect where they are in the stage of change, and using reflective listening by using reflection, paraphrasing, or summarizing what has been stated by the client.For example, so let me get this right you said .. , Did I get that right? Okay, let me see if I understand what you are feeling right now. In other words walk a mile in their moccasins and know where they are coming from. Second, pillar that would be used is developing discrepancy by getting the client to see that their behaviors that they are exhibiting does not reflect what they have stated that is their values, beliefs, and morals. I would listen to my clients, reflecting, and wonder open ended-question. According to Capuzzi & Stauffer (2012), When a client is able to experience an internal discrepancy between his or her current behaviors and his or her values, beliefs, and goals, the change process can begin. This is due in full-grown part to the underlying principle of cognitive dissonance (p.131).Third pillar is rolling with resistance which is where a client is resistant to change than as a counselor I would not argue with the client, I will ask the client to tell me more about their view point so that I can understand where they are coming from more. Most important avoid labeling a client. I would ask open-ended questions to invite them in to talk more about what they believe is their reason for not wanting(p) to change, engage in problem solving, or maybe reflecting back their values, beliefs, and goals (Capuzzi & Stauffer, 2012). Last pillar is support self-efficacy which is bringing up the clients belief that they can make the necessary changes successfully, making sure the client knows that they are responsible for deciding to change and carryi ng out the change, let the client know my belief that they can change, and unravel client to explore alternative problem solving solutions or approaches to change (Capuzzi & Stauffer, 2012).In conclusion, I in condition(p) that if a counselor is trained in MI and understands how to deliver the techniques with clients that it would be an effective technique with clients to motivate the stage of changes. For instance, data from the current survey collected in a Native American fraternity suggest that MI may be well suited as an intervention to prevent pocket-size drinking and that a MI research program to reduce underage drinking would be in the main well tolerated in this reservation community (Tonigan, Miller, & Villanueva, 2007).ReferencesCapuzzi, D., & Stauffer, M. (Eds.). (2012). Foundations of addiction counseling (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, New jersey Pearson. Tonigan, J. S., Miller, W. R., & Villanueva, M. (2007). Response of native american clients to three treatment methods for alcohol dependence Retrieved from http//search.ebscohost.com.library.gcu.edu2048/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,url,cookie,uid&an=28650827&db=ehh&scope=site&site=ehost http//xs6th8dt4r.search.serialssolutions.com.library.gcu.edu2048?sid=CentralSearchEDJ&genre=article&atitle=Response+of+Native+American+Clients+to+Three+ intervention+Methods+for+Alcohol+Dependence.&volume=6&issue=2&title=Journal+of+Ethnicity+in+Substance+ hatred&issn=1533-2640&date=2007-06-01&spage=41&aulast=Tonigan&aufirst=J

Modern Artists and philosophers

Appropriate of all told the choices we perplex at hand. However the instruments we use to define and determine our perception of our foundation have been tether man on in his quest for knowledge and science has been nonpareil of the key elements of this movement. But when sounding at the history of the development, one flummoxs to a degree of understanding regarding the evolution of scientific knowledge where one realizes that man has never actually been able to be sure of the legitimacy of his knowledge regarding the world around him ( quantify Inc. , 1965).Being modified under the most minute of observations and being establish upon an infinite process of observations and experimentations has rendered science unable(predicate) of bringing man to peace with the world within which he lives. The outward appearance and the elements of the world that build it do not blend with each new(prenominal). But interestingly, subjects of the non-scientific genre such as poetry and doc trine have begun to take the lead in this process of evolution of the perception man afford regarding the world around him (Heelan, 1989). Modern Artists and philosophers have contributed extensively to the cause.So much so that their work has reached well beyond the earth of the mind of the layman and requires delving into in order to be fully understood. The relationship between mind and physical structure has now become even clearer than it was in the past as the scales of reliance of one upon the other have shifted. Modern philosophy has brought the mind of man to be the central element of his existence rather than the be. The body brings man to the elements around him, but it is his mind that allows man to reach a state where he slew perceive their existence.The entities that appear to be based on their attributes and properties are in fact, not merely based on their attributes but it is these actually attributes that give them existence, and for the same reason, it can b e concluded that these attributes indeed, are the very entity itself. Similarly, the perception of the space around man and all the elements present in space is also a subject matter that has undergone much debate and continues to be analyzed. In, the constituents of the universe each object has its own mortal characteristics and attributes that make it an entity.However, the issues of whether the entity is based upon its unique attributes or the attributes together have a relationship amongst each other and come together to form the entity has been a much contested question. Over time philosophers have come to a point where it has been determined that the relationship between man and the entities in his universe amongst which he lives is not a matter so straightforward to comprehend. It is indeed nothing less than a breath pickings sense of revelation that elates a person when one looks at the extent to which the perception of man astir(predicate) his world has evolved.From consi dering the entities around him to be mere instruments that are part of the universe and serve only a secondary role to that of man, philosophers have come to a point where the entities that surround man are regarded to hold just as much significance as man himself holds. Works Cited Heelan, P. (1989). Space-Perception and the Philosophy of Science. University of California Press. Time Inc. (1965, May 7). The Limitations of Science. Retrieved January 28, 2009, from TIME http//www. time. com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,898761,00. html